Examples of association in the following topics:
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- Differential association is when individuals base their behaviors by association and interaction with others.
- Differential association theory is the most talked-about of the learning theories of deviance.
- This tendency will be reinforced if social association provides active people in the person's life.
- The principles of Sutherland's theory of differential association can be summarized into nine key points.
- An important quality of differential association theory is the frequency and intensity of interaction.
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- Introduced by German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are two conceptual models for types of human association.
- Introduced by German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are two conceptual models for types of human association.
- Gemeinschaft ("community") is an association in which individuals are mainly oriented to the will of the larger group, generally more than their own self-interest.
- Their activities are regulated by common mores or beliefs about the appropriate behavior and responsibilities of members of the association.
- In contrast, Gesellschaft ("society") describes associations in which the larger association never takes precedence over the individual's self interest, and these associations lack the same level of shared social mores.
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- Prestige refers to the reputation or esteem associated with one's position in society, which is closely tied to their social class.
- A college professor has high occupational prestige, largely due to the high level of education associated with the job, even though they often do not have notably high incomes.
- Prestige refers to the reputation or esteem associated with one's position in society.
- For example, prestige used to be associated with one's family name (ascribed status), but for most people in developed countries, prestige is now generally tied to one's occupation (achieved status).
- Occupations like physicians or lawyers tend to have more prestige associated with them than occupations like bartender or janitor.
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- Tools>Testing Hypotheses>Dyadic (QAP)>QAP Correlation calculates measures of nominal, ordinal, and interval association between the relations in two matrices, and uses quadratic assignment procedures to develop standard errors to test for the significance of association.
- The first column shows the values of five alternative measures of association.
- The idea of the "Quadratic Assignment Procedure" is to identify the value of the measure of association when their really isn't any systematic connection between the two relations.
- This would seem to indicate association.
- The appropriate one of these values to test the null hypothesis of no association is shown in the column "Signif."
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- In the previous section we examined methods for testing differences and association among whole networks.
- That is, studying the macro-patterns of how an actor's position in one network might be associated with their position in another.
- For example, in a school classroom, is there an association between actor's gender and their academic achievement?
- In most cases, standard statistical tools for the analysis of variables can be applied to describe differences and associations.
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- While aging is often associated with declining health, current research suggests there are some things people can do to remain healthy longer into old age.
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- Others have noted the negative effects that stress and lack of emotional expression (a hallmark trait associated with masculinities) place on the body, and the tendency for females to seek help and treatment (traditionally feminine behaviors) as factors in this pattern.
- Females are also less likely to suffer hyperactivity or speech disorders as children or to display antisocial personalities as adults (potentially due to gender socialization wherein femininities are associated with social behaviors and communication skills).
- Finally, females have slightly more olfactory receptors on average and are more easily re-aroused immediately after orgasm (potentially due to traditional associations of femininities to the pursuit of sexual pleasure and intimacy in relation to masculine associations with sexual conquest and performance).
- In fact, the temporal lobe, which is the part of the brain associated with language and emotion, develops up to 4 years earlier in females in comparison to boys (which mirrors patterns of gender socialization for femininities) On the other hand, the left parietal lobe, which is associated with mathematical and spatial reasoning, is thought to develop up to 4 years earlier in males (which corresponds to masculine socialization in terms of rationality and noted encouragement favoring male students in the physical sciences).
- Females use the p-cells in the retina, which are associated with texture and color, while males use m-cells, which are associated with motion.
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- The public sphere is composed of voluntary associations that promote social capital and social cohesion while enhancing democracy.
- These leagues brought people together outside of work and family obligations, giving them a third space for association.
- But over the years, bowling leagues have become less common (and, according to Putnam, so have all types of voluntary associations).
- Civil society is the arena outside of the family, the state, and the market where people associate to advance common interests.
- Voluntary associations, such as Elks Clubs, make up the public sphere.
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- Social class is associated with individuals' religious affiliations and practices but not with religiosity itself.
- Social class, measured by socioeconomic status, is associated with individuals' religious affiliations and practices.
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- Gesellschaft, frequently translated as "society," refers to associations in which self-interest is the primary justification for membership.
- A modern business is a good example of an association in which individuals seek to maximize their own self-interest, and in order to do so, an association to coordinate efforts is formed.