transactional model

Examples of transactional model in the following topics:

• Managing Stress Through Conventional and Alternative Medicine

  • This theory of imbalance between demands and resources is now called the transactional model of stress.
  • Modern stress-management techniques were modeled from this idea that stress is not a predetermined, direct response to a stressor but rather an changeable perception of deficiency on behalf the individual.
  • Alternative methods such as yoga, meditation, and visualization embrace the transactional model of stress by empowering the stressed person to either view the situation differently or believe in their capability to cope.
  • The transactional model of stress is a framework that emphasizes one's ability to evaluate harm, threats, and challenges, and results in an enhanced ability to cope with stressful events.

• The Value of Social Support in Managing Stress

  • The two main models of social support are the buffering hypothesis and the direct-effects hypothesis, both of which describe a positive relationship between social support and stress management.
  • The two dominant models of social support are the direct-effects hypothesis and the buffering hypothesis.
  • This is based on the transactional theory, which argues that stressors are only stressful when perceived as such.

• Network Models of Memory

  • Network models are based on the concept of connectionism.
  • There are several types of network models in memory research.
  • Network models are not the only models of memory storage, but they do have a great deal of power when it comes to explaining how learning and memory work in the brain, so they are extremely important to understand.
  • The parallel distributed processing (PDP) model is an example of a network model of memory, and it is the prevailing connectionist approach today.
  • Network models propose that these connections are the basis of storing and retrieving memories.

• Bandura and Observational Learning

  • The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called models.
  • Three main conditions were included: a) the model-reward condition, in which the children saw a second adult give the aggressive model candy for a "championship performance"; b) the model-punished condition, in which the children saw a second adult scold the model for their aggression; and c) the no-consequence condition, in which the children simply saw the model behave aggressively.
  • Those in the model-reward and no-consequence conditions were more willing to imitate the aggressive acts than those in the model-punished condition.
  • This process is influenced by characteristics of the model, as well as how much the observer likes or identifies with the model.
  • In addition, the more an observer likes or respects the model, the more likely they are to replicate the model's behavior.

• Introduction to Memory Storage

  • A variety of different memory models have been proposed to account for different types of recall.
  • Note that all models use the terminology of short-term and long-term memory to explain memory storage.
  • The neural network model is the ideal model in this case, as it overcomes the limitations posed by the multi-trace model and maintains the useful features of the model as well.
  • The dual-store memory search model, now referred to as the search-of-associative-memory (SAM) model, remains one of the most influential computational models of memory.
  • Two types of memory storage, short-term store and long-term store, are utilized in the SAM model.

• The Five-Factor Model

  • According to this model, a factor is a larger category that encompasses many smaller personality traits.
  • Investigation into the five factor model started in 1949 when D.W.
  • Research increased in the 1980s and 1990s, offering increasing support for the five factor model.
  • Critics of the five-factor model in particular argue that the model has limitations as an explanatory or predictive theory and that it does not explain all of human personality.
  • Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the five-factor model of personality

• Evaluation of Psychological Therapy Options

  • Forms of therapy include, but are not limited to: psychoanalytic, gestalt, existential, person-centered, reality, Adlerian, transactional analysis, rational-emotive behavior, and behavior therapies.
  • Transactional analysis operates under the assumption that we make decisions based upon past premises, formed during childhood, in response to feelings of powerlessness and the need for survival.
  • The first step in transactional analysis is awareness, and the second is understanding that we are responsible for how we think, feel, and behave, and no one else can make us feel a certain way.

• The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness

  • The biopsychosocial model states that health and illness are determined by a dynamic interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors.
  • The biopsychosocial model of health and illness is a framework developed by George L.
  • The psychological component of the biopsychosocial model seeks to find a psychological foundation for a particular symptom or array of symptoms (e.g., impulsivity, irritability, overwhelming sadness, etc.).
  • The biopsychosocial model states that the workings of the body, mind, and environment all affect each other.
  • According to this model, none of these factors in isolation is sufficient to lead definitively to health or illness—it is the deep interrelation of all three components that leads to a given outcome.

• Attention

  • There are two major models for understanding how visual attention operates.
  • The spotlight model describes attention as having a focus, a fringe, and a margin; the zoom-lens model introduces a size component to the spotlight model.
  • There are two major models for understanding how visual attention operates, both of which are loose metaphors for the actual neural processes occurring.
  • First introduced in 1986, this model inherits all the properties of the spotlight model, but it has the added property of changing in size.
  • In the spotlight model, the focus is the central area of attention, which takes in highly detailed information.

• Stages of Changing Unhealthy Behaviors

  • The transtheoretical model of behavior change, based on five stages of change, assesses a person's readiness to stop an old, unhealthy behavior and act on a new, healthy behavior.
  • Created by Prochaska and DiClemente in the 1970s, the model proposes that change is a process rather than a discrete decision.
  • According to the transtheoretical model, behavioral change is a five-step process, consisting of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
  • This model helps assess where on the spectrum a person falls and helps guide treatment efforts accordingly.
  • The stages-of-change model explains behavior change as a process rather than a discrete decision.