Examples of systems theory in the following topics:
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- Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
- Like the James–Lange and Cannon–Bard theories, the Schachter–Singer theory of emotion (also known as the two-factor theory) attempts to explain emotion as it relates to physiological arousal.
- For example, if you were to see a venomous snake in your backyard, the Schachter–Singer theory argues that the snake would elicit sympathetic nervous system activation (physiological arousal) that would be cognitively labeled as fear (cognition) based on the context.
- Contrary to the James–Lange theory, therefore, which asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal, this theory argues that bodily changes can support conscious emotional experiences but do not necessarily cause them.
- Describe the relationship between the "two factors" of two-factor theory, also known as Schachter–Singer theory
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- Below are several theories.
- There are some drawbacks to applying this theory.
- This theory also highlights the importance of rewards systems; simple recognition is often enough to motivate employees and increase job satisfaction.
- However, extrinsic reward systems also play a role in employee satisfaction, as suggested by expectancy theory.
- Reward systems include compensation, bonuses, raises, job security, benefits, and various other methods of reward for employees.
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- Arousal theory expands upon drive-reduction theory by considering levels of arousal as potential motivators.
- Arousal theory expands upon drive-reduction theory by taking into account levels of arousal as potential motivators.
- While drive-reduction theory focuses primarily on biological needs as motivators, arousal theory examines the influence of the neural transmitter dopamine as a motivator in the body.
- Reward sensitivity is located in the mesolimbic dopamine system.
- This is an example of how arousal theory works.
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- Psychotherapists who use an integrative approach are open to various ways of utilizing diverse theories and techniques .
- Eclectic practitioners are not bound by the theories or methodology of any one particular school.
- In contrast, integrative psychotherapy attends to the relationship between theory and technique.
- While assimilative integration begins with a single theory and brings together techniques from different approaches, theoretical integration tries to bring together those theoretical approaches themselves and then develop a unified theory.
- Assimilative integration: This mode of integration favors a firm grounding in any one system of psychotherapy, but with a willingness to incorporate or assimilate, perspectives or practices from other schools.
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- Emotions follow complex biological processes that include several bodily systems.
- The limbic system includes the amygdala and the hippocampus and functions as the brain’s emotional circuit.
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and reticular activating system (RAS) also play an important role in the experiencing and processing of emotions.
- Over time, several different theories have been proposed to explain emotion.
- Among these are appraisal theory, the James–Lange theory, the Cannon–Bard theory, the Schachter–Singer theory, and the facial-feedback hypothesis.
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- According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, emotions arise from physiological arousal.
- Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
- For example, if you were to encounter a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system (responsible for activating your fight-or-flight response) would initiate physiological arousal, making your heart race and increasing your breathing rate.
- To address these limitations, other theories—such as the Cannon–Bard theory—have been developed.
- Describe the relationship between emotion and arousal according to the James–Lange theory
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- Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system.
- In a body system, a control center (which is often part of the brain) receives input from receptors (which are often complexes of neurons).
- Drive-reduction theory was first developed by Clark Hull in 1943.
- These needs result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and, ultimately, bring the system back to homeostasis.
- Clark Leonard Hull developed drive-reduction theory, one of the earliest theories of motivation.
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- This theory, known as Freud's structural theory of personality, places great emphasis on the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality.
- He believed that a person who has a strong ego has a healthy personality and that imbalances in this system can lead to neurosis (what we now think of as anxiety and depression) and unhealthy behaviors.
- His theories were highly focused on pathology and largely ignored "normal," healthy functioning.
- Many critics point out that Freud's theories are not supported by any empirical (experimental) data.
- Summarize Freud's theories of human personality and psychosexual stages of development as well as common criticisms of his theories
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- Theories of consciousness include developmental, cultural, neural, computational, and moral perspectives.
- While Eastern perspectives on consciousness have remained relatively stable over the centuries, fluctuations in theory have come to define the Western perspective.
- One of the most popular Western theories is that of Sigmund Freud, medical doctor and father of psychoanalytic theory.
- While Freud's theory remains one of the best known, various schools in the field of psychology have developed their own perspectives, which we will explore below.
- Neuropsychologists view consciousness as ingrained in neural systems and organic brain structures.
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- Psychodynamic theory studies the psychological forces underlying human behavior, feelings, and emotions.
- Psychodynamic theory was born in 1874 with the works of German scientist Ernst von Brucke, who supposed that all living organisms are energy systems governed by the principle of the conservation of energy.
- Later, these theories were developed further by Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Melanie Klein, and others.
- Much of Freud's theory was based on his investigations of patients suffering from "hysteria" and neurosis.
- Freud's theories also placed a great deal of emphasis on sexual development.