Examples of socialization in the following topics:
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- Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others through social interactions.
- Social psychology includes the subfields of cognitive social psychology and social neuroscience.
- Social psychology focuses on the importance of individual or social influences on a person's perception of the world around them.
- This includes areas like social perception, social interaction, and social influence (including trust, power, and persuasion).
- It involves questions about the nature of social behavior: for example, does social behavior ultimately stem from the individual, or is it largely a product of socialization, interaction, and greater social structures?
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- Social anxiety disorder is marked by intense fear and avoidance of social situations in which one might be negatively judged.
- Social anxiety disorder (formerly called social phobia) is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others (APA, 2013).
- When people with social anxiety disorder are unable to avoid situations that provoke anxiety, they typically perform safety behaviors: mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes.
- Research into the causes of social anxiety and social phobia is wide-ranging, encompassing multiple perspectives from neuroscience to sociology.
- Worry and fear of social situations in which one may be negatively judged is a defining feature of social anxiety disorder.
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- Social psychology studies individuals in a social context and examines how situational variables influence behavior.
- Social psychology typically explains human behavior as a result of the interaction of mental states and immediate social situations.
- Thus, social psychology studies individuals in a social context and how situational variables interact to influence behavior.
- Social psychologists assert that an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are very much influenced by social situations.
- Essentially, people will change their behavior to align with the social situation at hand.
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- Social support is the perception or reality that one is cared for, has assistance from others, and is a member of a supportive social network.
- Social support is so important that social isolation can lead to depression, anxiety, and other negative emotions.
- The term "social coping" refers to a person seeking social support while under stress.
- Social support can be categorized in several different ways.
- The relational regulation theory focuses on the relational aspect of perceived social support (not necessarily the same as actually provided social support).
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- Critics of the social-cognitive theory of personality argue that it is not a unified theory and does not explain development over time.
- One of the main criticisms of the social-cognitive theory is that it is not a unified theory.
- Another limitation is that not all social learning can be directly observed.
- Because of this, it can be difficult to quantify the effect that social cognition has on development.
- Critics of social-cognitive theory argue that the theory does not provide a full explanation of how social cognition, behavior, environment, and personality are related (known as "reciprocal determinism").
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- Social perception is a kind of perception that allows one to understand other people, social cues, and non-verbal cues in their environment.
- In the field of social psychology, researchers tend to focus on social perception, which is the kind of perception that allows individuals to understand other people, social cues, and non-verbal cues in their environment .
- This type of perception is processed through social cognition, or a thought process used to understand and interpret social interactions.
- The Awareness of Social Inference Test is an audiovisual test designed for the clinical assessment of social perception.
- Describe how perception is linked to the process of social cognition.
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- Similarly, a notable theory of social cognition is social-schema theory.
- This theory suggests that we have mental representations for specific social situations.
- In social cognition, salience is the degree to which a particular social object stands out relative to other social objects in a situation.
- Social psychologists have become increasingly interested in the influence of culture on social cognition.
- Studies have found that culture influences social cognition in other ways too.
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- Bandura's and Rotter's social-cognitive theories of personality emphasize cognitive processes, such as thinking and judging.
- Social cognition is basically social thought, or how the mind processes social information; social-cognitive theory describes how individuals think and react in social situations.
- How the mind works in a social setting is extremely complicated—emotions, social desirability factors, and unconscious thoughts can all interact and affect social cognition in many ways.
- Two major figures in social cognitive-theory are behaviorist Albert Bandura and clinical psychologist Julian Rotter.
- Albert Bandura is a behavioral psychologist credited with creating social learning theory.
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- According to the social-exchange theory, when the risks or costs of a relationship outweigh the benefits, the relationship is abandoned or ended.
- Developmental psychologists suggest that both
personal disposition (temperament) and social context contribute to individual
differences in empathic concern.
- Reciprocal actions are important to social psychology as they can help explain the maintenance of social norms.
- Helping the homeless can be an example of empathic altruism or social responsibility—the helper doesn't get anything in return.
- Distinguish among the social-exchange theory, the reciprocity norm, and the empathy-altruism hypothesis of altruism
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- Autism spectrum disorder is a neuro-developmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors.
- Social impairments in children with autism can be characterized by a distinctive lack of intuition about others.
- Unusual social development becomes apparent early in childhood.
- Infants with ASD show less attention to social stimuli, smile and look at others less often, and respond less to their own name.
- Intensive, sustained special-education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children acquire self-care, social, and job skills.