Examples of self-esteem in the following topics:
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- Three general approaches to understanding identity development include self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem.
- Unlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self that is stable across circumstances and includes past experiences and future goals.
- Self-esteem consists of one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity.
- In the United States, children who are raised female are often taught that their sense of self is highly linked to their relationships with others; therefore, many adolescent girls enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends.
- High self-esteem is often derived from their ability to successfully influence their friends.
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- American children raised by authoritative parents tend to have high self-esteem and social skills and work well with others.
- Children who grow up in authoritarian homes often become anxious or withdrawn or suffer from self-esteem problems.
- Children raised by permissive parents tend to lack self-discipline, and the permissive parenting style is negatively associated with grades (Dornbusch, Ritter, Leiderman, Roberts, & Fraleigh, 1987).
- However, there are some positive outcomes associated with children raised by permissive parents: many tend to have higher self-esteem, better social skills, and report lower levels of depression (Darling, 1999).
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- Clinical depression is characterized by pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and a loss of interest.
- Major depressive disorder (also called major depression and clinical depression) is a mood disorder characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and by a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.
- Currently, the most effective form of psychotherapy for depression is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which teaches clients to challenge self-defeating but enduring ways of thinking (cognitions) and change counter-productive behaviors.
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- Other studies provide evidence that the effectiveness of extrinsic motivators varies depending on factors like self-esteem, locus of control (the extent to which someone believes they can control events that affect them), self-efficacy (how someone judges their own competence to complete tasks and reach goals), and neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by anxiety, moodiness, worry, envy, and jealousy).
- For example, praise might have less effect on behavior for people with high self-esteem because they would not have the same need for approval that would make external praise reinforcing.
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- If this person sees themselves as being self-reliant, how do they handle this new identity?
- All of these possibilities can affect a person's relationships, self-esteem, stress level, happiness and belief system, all of which have a direct impact on psychological well-being.
- Regular exercise may help depression by improving self-esteem, confidence, energy levels, as well as social relations (especially in group exercise situations).
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- Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self;
- The person consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self;
- People with NPD are characterized by exaggerated feelings of self-importance.
- Symptoms of this disorder, as defined by the DSM-5, include significant impairments in self functioning (such as excessive reference to others for self-definition and self-esteem regulation; exaggerated self-appraisal; goal-setting based on gaining approval from others; personal standards that are unreasonably high; etc.) along with impairments in interpersonal functioning (such as lack of empathy; over- or underestimating one's own effect on others; superficial relationships that exist to serve self-esteem regulation; etc.).
- Valued by parents as a means to regulate their own self-esteem.
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- Maslow organized human needs into a pyramid that includes (from lowest-level to highest-level) physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
- Once love and belonging needs have been satisfied, esteem needs become more salient.
- Esteem needs refer to the desire to be respected by one's peers, to feel important, and to be appreciated.
- According to Maslow and other humanistic theorists, self-actualization reflects the humanistic emphasis on positive aspects of human nature.
- Maslow suggested that this is an ongoing, life-long process and that only a small percentage of people actually achieve a self-actualized state.
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- Maslow's humanistic theory of personality states that people achieve their full potential by moving from basic needs to self-actualization.
- The highest need for self-actualization represents the achievement of our fullest potential, and those individuals who finally achieved self-actualization were said to represent optimal psychological health and functioning.
- Maslow viewed self-actualizers as the supreme achievers in the human race.
- Most self-actualizers had a great sense of awareness, maintaining a near-constant enjoyment and awe of life.
- First physiological needs must be met before safety needs, then the need for love and belonging, then esteem, and finally self-actualization.
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- The next level of needs are esteem needs, which are concerned with gaining recognition and respect from others and self.
- Once these four levels of needs are met, Maslow believed people turn toward what he called self-actualization.
- Maslow felt that true self-actualization is rare, but his research led to advancements in humanistic psychology and the later field of positive psychology.
- According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the highest state a person can reach after all lower needs are met.
- Maslow's research on self-actualization was a central component of both humanistic and positive psychology.
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- Humanistic psychology adopts a holistic view of human existence through explorations of meaning, human potential, and self-actualization.
- In the late 1950s, a group of psychologists convened in Detroit, Michigan, to discuss their interest in a psychology that focused on uniquely human issues, such as the self, self-actualization, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, being, becoming, individuality, and meaning.
- Self-actualized people, he believed, have more of these peak experiences throughout a given day than others.
- The fourth level, esteem, focuses on success, status, and accomplishments.
- The top of the pyramid is self-actualization, in which a person is believed to have reached a state of harmony and understanding.