reciprocity

Examples of reciprocity in the following topics:

• Altruism: Helping

  • Reciprocity involves an exchange of positive actions between people.
  • Reciprocal actions are important to social psychology as they can help explain the maintenance of social norms.
  • The human tendency toward reciprocity is so strong that a person will feel obligated to return a favor regardless of whether they like the person who originally gave the favor, and even if they did not want the favor.
  • Distinguish among the social-exchange theory, the reciprocity norm, and the empathy-altruism hypothesis of altruism

• Criticisms of the Social-Cognitive Pespective on Personality

  • Critics of social-cognitive theory argue that the theory does not provide a full explanation of how social cognition, behavior, environment, and personality are related (known as "reciprocal determinism").

• Bandura's and Rotter's Social-Cognitive Theories of Personality

  • In contrast to Skinner’s idea that the environment alone determines behavior, Bandura (1990) proposed the concept of reciprocal determinism, in which cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor simultaneously influencing and being influenced by the others.
  • Rotter expanded upon Bandura's ideas of reciprocal determinism, and he developed the term locus of control to describe how individuals view their relationship to the environment.
  • Bandura proposed the idea of reciprocal determinism, in which our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

• Nature vs. Nurture

  • There is a reciprocal interaction between nature and nurture as they both shape who we become, but the debate continues as to the relative contributions of each.
  • Evaluate the reciprocal impacts between genes and the environment and the nature vs. nurture debate

• Attachment Theory

  • Bowlby conceived of four stages of attachment that begin during infancy: preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, and formation of reciprocal relationships.
  • Formation of reciprocal attachment (18 months to 2 years): Rapid language growth facilitates the understanding of new concepts, and children begin to understand a parent's coming and going.

• Compliance

• Nutrition and Health

  • There is a reciprocal relationship between the physical and psychological effects of poor nutrition.