procedural memory

Examples of procedural memory in the following topics:

• Detail on Types of Long-Term Memory

  • Long-term memory consists of conscious explicit (declarative) and unconscious implicit (procedural) memory; both can be stored indefinitely.
  • Episodic memory, on the other hand, is used for more contextualized memories.
  • Semantic and episodic memory are closely related; memory for facts can be enhanced with episodic memories associated with the fact, and vice versa.
  • In contrast to explicit (conscious) memory, implicit memory involves procedures for completing actions.
  • Also known as unconscious or procedural memory, these actions develop with practice over time.

• Neural Correlates of Memory Consolidation

  • Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition.
  • The cerebellum plays a role in the learning of procedural memory (i.e., routine, "practiced" skills), and motor learning, such as skills requiring coordination and fine motor control.
  • Playing a musical instrument, driving a car, and riding a bike are examples of skills requiring procedural memory.
  • But a person with damage to their cerebellum would have the opposite problem: they would remember their declarative memories, but would have trouble with procedural memories like playing the piano.
  • The hippocampus is integral in consolidating memories from short-term to long-term memory.

• Physical Development in Late Adulthood

  • The aging process often results in a loss of memory, deteriorated intellectual function, decreased mobility, and higher rates of disease.
  • In general, an older person's procedural memory stays the same, while working memory declines.
  • Procedural memory is memory for the performance of particular types of action; it guides the processes we perform and most frequently resides below the level of conscious awareness.
  • The reduced capacity of the working memory becomes evident when tasks are especially complex.
  • Semantic memory is the memory of understanding things, of the meaning of things and events, and other concept-based knowledge.

• The Nature and Meaning of Dreams

  • In effect, the expectation is fulfilled (the action is "completed") in a metaphorical form so that a false memory is not created.
  • They are merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories.
  • The hypothesis states that the function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory through a process called consolidation.
  • NREM sleep processes the conscious-related memory (declarative memory), and REM sleep processes the unconscious related memory (procedural memory).
  • The underlying assumption of continual-activation theory is that, during REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing procedural memory.

• Long-Term Memory

  • Long-term memory is the final, semi-permanent stage of memory.
  • Long-term memory can be broken down into two categories: explicit and implicit memory.
  • Episodic memory is used for more contextualized memories.
  • In contrast to explicit (conscious) memory, implicit (also called "unconscious" or "procedural") memory involves procedures for completing actions.
  • Contrast the different ways memories can be stored in long-term memory

• Amnesia

  • "Amnesia" is a general term for the inability to recall certain memories, or in some cases, the inability t0 form new memories.
  • Some types of amnesia are due to neurological trauma; but in other cases, the term "amnesia" is just used to describe normal memory loss, such as not remembering childhood memories.
  • Anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories after the onset of amnesia, while memories from before the event remain intact.
  • However, sufferers can be treated through education to define their daily routines: typically, procedural memories (motor skills and routines like tying shoes or playing an instrument) suffer less than declarative memories (facts and events).
  • He is completely unable to form lasting new memories—his memory only lasts for between 7 and 30 seconds— and also cannot recall aspects of his past memories, frequently believing that he has only recently awoken from a coma.

• Introduction to the Process and Types of Memory

  • Two other types of sensory memory have been extensively studied: echoic memory (the auditory sensory store) and haptic memory (the tactile sensory store).
  • Short-term memory is also known as working memory.
  • However, items can be moved from short-term memory to long-term memory via processes like rehearsal.
  • In contrast to explicit/declarative memory, there is also a system for procedural/implicit memory.
  • Summarize which types of memory are necessary to which stage of the process of memory storage

• Strategies for Improving Memory Quality and Duration

  • Memory gaps and errors refer to the incorrect recall or complete loss of a memory.
  • Because the memory process is so complex, there are many factors that lead to forgetfulness or distortions of memories.
  • By creating additional links between one memory and another, more familiar memory works as a cue for the new information being learned.
  • People are more likely to be able to retrieve a memory if they are in the same mood as they were when the memory was first formed.
  • Overlearning is a very powerful mnemonic for both procedural and semantic memories.

• Sensory Memory

  • In sensory memory, no manipulation of the incoming information occurs as it is transferred quickly to working memory.
  • It is assumed that there is a subtype of sensory memory for each of the five major senses (touch, taste, sight, hearing, and smell); however, only three of these types have been extensively studied: echoic memory, iconic memory, and haptic memory.
  • Iconic memory has a duration of about 100 ms.
  • Echoic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system.
  • Haptic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch.

• Introduction to Memory Storage

  • Memory storage is achieved through the process of encoding, through either short- or long-term memory.
  • During the process of memory encoding, information is filtered and modified for storage in short-term memory.
  • Items stored in short-term memory move to long-term memory through rehearsal, processing, and use.
  • In order to explain the recall process, however, a memory model must identify how an encoded memory can reside in memory storage for a prolonged period of time until the memory is accessed again, during the recall process.
  • Note that all models use the terminology of short-term and long-term memory to explain memory storage.