Examples of object permanence in the following topics:
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- With this type of development, the change is more sudden, such as an infant’s ability to conceive object permanence.
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- In his research, he carefully observed children and presented them with problems to solve that were related to object permanence, reversibility, deductive reasoning, transitivity, and assimilation (described below).
- Children figure out ways to elicit responses by "doing", such as pulling a lever on a music box to hear a sound, placing a block in a bucket and pulling it back out, or throwing an object to see what happens.
- Between 5 and 8 months old, the child develops object permanence, which is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists (Bogartz, Shinskey, & Schilling, 2000).
- Children begin to organize objects by classes and subclasses, and they can perform mathematical operations and understand transformations, such as addition is the opposite of subtraction and multiplication is the opposite of division.
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- And memories are not necessarily permanent: they can disappear over time.
- Proactive and retroactive interference can impact how well we are able to recall a memory, and sometimes cause us to forget things permanently.
- Common errors of this type include misplacing objects or forgetting appointments.
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- When an image is projected onto a single retina, cues about the relative size of the object compared to other objects are obtained.
- Size and distance of objects are also determined in relation to each other.
- Visual cues (for instance, far-away objects appearing smaller and near objects appearing larger) develop in the early years of life.
- When an object moves toward an observer, the retinal projection of the object expands over a period of time, which leads to the perception of movement in a line toward the observer.
- This change in stimulus enables the observer not only to see the object as moving, but to perceive the distance of the moving object.
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- Therefore, our minds develop "concepts," or mental representations of categories of objects.
- There are many theories of how the mind categorizes objects and ideas.
- Then, when you encounter an object that fits this description, you classify that object as being a dog.
- Different objects can fit a cluster better than others; fuzzy-set theory is not binary, so it is not always clear whether an object belongs to a cluster or not.
- Prototype theory is a different way of classifying objects.
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- When you walk away from an object, have you noticed how the object gets smaller in your visual field, yet you know that it actually has not changed in size?
- Thanks to perceptual constancy, we have stable perceptions of an object's qualities even under changing circumstances.
- The impression tends to conform to the object as it is assumed to be, rather than to the actual stimulus presented to the eye.
- Such matches between the object as it is perceived and the object as it is understood to actually exist are called perceptual constancies.
- Regardless of changes to an object's orientation, the shape of the object as it is perceived is constant.
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- Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood, implying that objects are grouped into categories for easier mental access and understanding .
- A category illuminates a relationship between the subjects and objects of knowledge, with a set of properties that are shared by its members.
- Miscategorization can be a logical fallacy in which diverse and dissimilar objects, concepts, entities, classes, etc. are grouped together based upon illogical common denominators, or common denominators that virtually any concept, object, or entity have in common.
- A concept is an understanding of a subject or object retained in the mind from experience, reasoning, or imagination.
- Conceptual clustering involves recognizing inherent commonalities in objects and grouping them together because of these similarities.
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- Specific phobias involve excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.
- For this reason, many people with phobias simply avoid the object of their phobia.
- Exposure to the object of the phobia nearly always elicits extremely distressing symptoms of anxiety, either immediately ("situationally bound") or after some time delay ("situationally predisposed").
- The fact that specific phobias tend to be directed disproportionately at certain objects (such as snakes and spiders) may have evolutionary explanations as well.
- Similar to this, virtual reality therapy helps patients imagine encounters with the phobic object by simulating scenes that may not be possible or easy to find in the physical world.
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- This law posits that when we perceive a collection of objects we will perceptually group together objects that are physically close to each other.
- A visual field can be separated into two distinct regions: the figures (prominent objects) and the ground (the objects that recede into the background.
- The law of closure explains that our perception will complete incomplete objects, such as the lines of the IBM logo.
- Between stereotypes, objects or people are as different from each other as possible.
- Within stereotypes, objects or people are as similar to each other as possible.
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- Long-term memory is maintained by stable and permanent changes in neural connections spread throughout the brain.
- However, the permanent storage of long-term memories after consolidation and encoding appears to depend upon the connections between neurons, with more deeply processed memories having stronger connections.