Examples of dopamine in the following topics:
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- Dopamine is the best-known neurotransmitter of the catecholamine group.
- The brain includes several distinct dopamine systems, one of which plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior.
- Most types of reward increase the level of dopamine in the brain, and a variety of addictive drugs increase dopamine neuronal activity.
- Other brain dopamine systems are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of several other important hormones.
- On the other hand, when an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine blocks glutamate receptors, disorders like schizophrenia can occur.
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- The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is a model used by scientists to explain many schizophrenic symptoms.
- The model claims that a high fluctuation of levels of dopamine can be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms.
- The dopamine hypothesis has helped progress the development of antipsychotics, which are drugs that stabilize positive symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors.
- The fact that these medications have been shown to treat psychosis supports the dopamine theory.
- Dopamine is not the only neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia, although it can be argued that it is the most studied.
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- Some stimulants facilitate the activity of certain neurotransmitters, specifically norepinephrine and/or dopamine.
- Over time, stimulants can disrupt the functioning of the brain's dopamine system, dampening users' ability to feel any pleasure at all.
- MDMA differs from most stimulants in that its primary pharmacological effect is on the neurotransmitter serotonin rather than dopamine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine.
- MDMA also decreases the release of dopamine.
- Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) (such as the antidepressant Wellbutrin) inhibit the uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, effectively increasing their amounts in the brain and causing a stimulating effect.
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- While drive-reduction theory focuses primarily on biological needs as motivators, arousal theory examines the influence of the neural transmitter dopamine as a motivator in the body.
- Reward sensitivity is located in the mesolimbic dopamine system.
- For example, substance use is associated with overactivity in the dopamine system; depending on how strongly an individual's brain interprets that as a "reward," they may be more or less motivated to continue using that substance.
- This study provided evidence that animals are motivated to perform behaviors that stimulate dopamine release in the reward center of the brain.
- Dopamine pathways in the brain play an important role in the regulation of reward, which, in turn, motivates behavior.
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- Theorists believe that these traits can be traced back to brain structures and neural mechanisms, such as dopamine and seratonin pathways .
- The biology-based personality theories correlate personality traits with behavioral systems related to motivation, reward, and punishment such as the dopamine and seratonin pathways.
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- Sustained or chronic stress, in particular, leads to elevated hormones such as cortisol, the "stress hormone," and reduced serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain, including dopamine, which has been linked to depression.
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- During puberty, adolescents experience changes in the levels of certain neurotransmitters (such as dopamine and serotonin) in the limbic system.
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- Studies have implicated about two dozen potential genes that may be involved in OCD; these genes regulate the function of three neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate (Pauls, 2010).
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- Narcotics bind to painkilling sites throughout the brain, known as opioid-u receptors, or the "reward pathway. " This leads to slower uptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine between neurons.
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- Based on this categorization, neurochemicals such as dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin increase or decrease, causing the brain's activity level to fluctuate and resulting in changes in body movement, gestures, and poses.