cognitive distortion

Examples of cognitive distortion in the following topics:

• Linguistic Relativity

  • Language and thought (or "cognition") tend to interact in a dual and cyclical relationship, a theory known overall as linguistic relativity.
  • There are several different theories that aim to discuss the relationship between cognition and language, and each will be discussed in this chapter.
  • According to the theory that drives cognitive-behavioral therapy, the way a person thinks has a huge impact on what she or he says and does.
  • Problems with our internal dialogue, known as cognitive distortions, can lead to negative behaviors or serious emotional problems.
  • The field of behavioral economics studies the effect of psychological and cognitive factors on individuals' behavior in an economic context.

• Introduction to Personality Disorders

  • ., patterns of cognition, behavior, and emotion) that:
  • differs significantly from the norms and expectations of their culture in two or more of the following areas: cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control;
  • Someone diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties in cognition, emotion, impulse control, and interpersonal functioning.
  • Schizotypal personality disorder: Characterized by a pattern of extreme discomfort interacting socially, and distorted cognitions and perceptions.

• Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders

  • People with cluster A personality disorders display a personality style that is odd or eccentric; they are often described as having a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior.
  • Cognitive theorists believe the disorder to be a combination of both an underlying belief that other people are deceptive or malevolent as well as a lack of self-confidence.
  • People with STPD usually underestimate the maladaptiveness of their social isolation and perceptual distortions; they tend to consider themselves to be simply eccentric, creative, or nonconformist.

• Somatic Symptom Disorders

  • Cognitive theories explain the disorder as arising from negative, distorted, and catastrophic thoughts and reinforcement of these thoughts.
  • A recent review of cognitive–affective neuroscience research suggests that catastrophization in patients with these disorders tends to correlate with a greater vulnerability to pain.
  • Currently, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in collaboration with a patient's primary care physician is the best available treatment for most somatic symptom disorders.

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

  • .); negative alterations in cognitions and mood (such as decreased capacity to feel certain feelings or distorted self-blame); and alterations in arousal and reactivity (such as difficulty sleeping, problems with anger or concentration, reckless behavior, or heightened startle response).
  • The psychotherapy programs with the strongest demonstrated efficacy include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), variants of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training (SIT), variants of cognitive therapy (CT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and many combinations of these procedures.
  • EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TFCBT) were recommended as first-line treatments for trauma victims in a 2007 review.
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) seeks to change the way a trauma victim feels and acts by changing the patterns of thinking and/or behavior responsible for negative emotions.

• Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

  • Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies address the interplay between dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and biased cognitions.
  • Cognitive therapy (CT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are closely related; however CBT is an umbrella category of therapies that includes cognitive therapy.
  • This involves helping patients to develop skills for modifying beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors.
  • During the 1980s and 1990s, cognitive and behavioral techniques were merged into cognitive-behavioral therapy.
  • Discuss the goals, techniques, and efficacy of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies

• Hallucinogens

  • Effects include increased breathing and heart rate, dilated pupils, dehydration, increased color perception, a state of empathetic well-being (feeling as though one is at peace with everyone and everything), and visual distortion: things may appear to move, shapes may appear on textures and exhibit a kaleidoscope-like effect, or lighting may dramatically change for no apparent reason.
  • Deliriants work by inhibiting acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter responsible for cognition and stimulation.
  • LSD, also a psychedelic, blocks serotonin from the brain, which regulates mood, perception, muscle contraction, and other cognitive functions.
  • LSD causes a number of alterations in perception by affecting both cognitive and visual sensory systems, and it changes the sense of time, body-image, and ego.

• Cognitive Psychology

  • "Cognition" refers to thinking and memory processes, and "cognitive development" refers to long-term changes in these processes.
  • Major areas of research in cognitive psychology include perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language, and thinking.
  • Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research.
  • Though there are examples of cognitive approaches from earlier researchers, cognitive psychology really developed as a subfield within psychology in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
  • Piaget is best known for his stage theory of cognitive development.

• History of Cognition

  • The word "cognition" is the closest scientific synonym for thinking.
  • Human cognition takes place at both conscious and unconscious levels.
  • Some of the most important figures in the study of cognition are:
  • The study of human cognition began over two thousand years ago.
  • These numerous approaches to the analysis of cognition are synthesized in the relatively new field of cognitive science, the interdisciplinary study of mental processes and functions.

• Criticisms of the Social-Cognitive Pespective on Personality

  • Critics of the social-cognitive theory of personality argue that it is not a unified theory and does not explain development over time.
  • The social-cognitive theory of personality emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality.
  • One of the main criticisms of the social-cognitive theory is that it is not a unified theory.
  • Because of this, it can be difficult to quantify the effect that social cognition has on development.
  • Critics of social-cognitive theory argue that the theory does not provide a full explanation of how social cognition, behavior, environment, and personality are related (known as "reciprocal determinism").