sanction

Examples of sanction in the following topics:

• Economic Aid and Sanctions

  • States can give economic aid to help another country, or implement economic sanctions to try and force another country to change policies.
  • Sanctions, on the other hand, are penalties (usually in the form of trade policies) that are applied to one country by another.
  • Economic sanctions include, but are not limited to, tariffs, trade barriers, import duties, and import or export quotas.
  • For example, in March 2010, Brazil introduced new sanctions against the US.
  • The WTO is currently supervising talks between the states to remove the sanctions.

• Voluntary, Involuntary, and Trust Associations

  • An involuntary association is created by the unilateral imposition or the threat of sanctions.
  • This association involves a sanction that will be imposed unless the victim cooperates, and if the victim could have nothing at all to do with the robber he would gladly do so.
  • Here, the sanction is imposed but not threatened, and the polluting companies, for example, have no desire to manipulate the actions of others.
  • The fourth combination of types—sanctions by mutual consent—can exist only when sanctions are falsely expected to be inducements by the party who consents to them.
  • (Since sanctions reduce another person's net satisfaction below what it would be if the actor did nothing at all.

• Minimizing Private Sanctions

  • Sanctions provided for violators may be inadequate to discourage the prohibited action—mere "slaps on the wrist".
  • If the chance that a sanction will actually be imposed is low, people may discount its severity by its improbability.
  • Indeed, increasing the required sanction for breaking a law may reduce the likelihood it will ever be imposed: electrocution deters no jaywalkers if juries refuse to convict flagrant violators because they find the punishment excessive.

• Law, Pseudolaws, and By-Laws

  • We will therefore stipulate that the word law will be used only to refer to the first meaning: a general rule of action enforceable by sanctions.
  • The two key elements in distinguishing laws, pseudolaws, and by-laws are generality and sanctions.
  • If there is not, then the rule is a by-law, which is "enforced" by withdrawn or denied inducements rather than by sanctions.
  • If there is a sanction, however, we must still ascertain whether the rule is a law or a pseudo law, and this is where we must consider generality.
  • In both, individuals are arbitrarily singled out and sanctions imposed or threatened against them.

• The Fourth Amendment

  • The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the Bill of Rights which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.

• The Rule of Law

  • Government-as-bandit imposes sanctions on people in an unprincipled way, and all of the arguments against private-involuntary associations apply even more strongly when the bandit is government itself.
  • There can be no assurance, when government can single out some people and impose sanctions on them, that the power will not be abused.

• Introduction to the Four Functions of Governmen

• A Periodic Table of Associations

  • It is involuntary because the robber unilaterally creates the association by threatening you with a sanction if you do not hand over your money.
  • When a government threatens particular people with sanctions, a compound-involuntary association is created.
  • It is involuntary because sanctions are involved, and it is compound because one party is a government and the other party is neither a government nor the public.
  • A public-involuntary association is exactly like a compound-involuntary one except that here government threatens everybody with sanctions, not just particular people.
  • This power to threaten the entire public with sanctions is the essence of government, and we will call this aspect of government government-as-legislator.

• Religious Freedom

  • The International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 established the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, which investigates the records of over 200 other nations with respect to religious freedom, and makes recommendations to submit nations with egregious records to ongoing scrutiny and possible economic sanctions.
  • Many human rights organizations have urged the United States to be even more vigorous in imposing sanctions on countries that do not permit or tolerate religious freedom.

• World War I and the League of Nations

  • The League lacked its own armed force, and depended on the Great powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, or provide an army when needed.
  • Sanctions could hurt League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them.