retail price

Examples of retail price in the following topics:

• The Federal Tax System

  • Sales taxes are imposed on the retail price of many goods and some services by most states and some localities.

• Housing Policy

  • Frequent concerns of community members include potential decreases in the retail price of their home, and a decline in neighborhood safety due to elevated levels of crime.

• Health Care Reform

  • The PPACA also set a minimum ratio of direct health care spending to premium income, created price competition bolstered by the creation of three standard insurance coverage levels to enable like-for-like comparisons by consumers, and also created a web-based health insurance exchange where consumers can compare prices and purchase plans.
  • Anything generally purchased at the retail level by the public is excluded from the tax

• Rational Action in Specific Contexts

  • Since the examples given above, in discussing the basic expression, were all drawn from the realm of ad hoc or retail decision-making, no specific discussion of

• The Civil Rights Acts

  • Kennedy called for passage of the bill, which he said would "give all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public - hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments," as well as "greater protection for the right to vote. " Emulating the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which established equal treatment in public accommodations, Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations.

• Regulation and Antitrust Policy

  • Common examples of this type of regulation include laws that control prices, wages, market entries, development approvals, pollution effects, employment for certain people in certain industries, standards of production for certain goods, the military forces, and services.
  • Antitrust laws prohibit monopolization, attempted monopolization, agreements that restrain trade, anticompetitive mergers, and, in some circumstances, price discrimination in the sale of commodities.
  • Large companies with huge cash reserves and large lines of credit can stifle competition by engaging in predatory pricing, in which they intentionally sell their products and services at a loss for a time, in order to force smaller competitors out of business.
  • Afterwards, with no competition, these companies are free to consolidate control of an industry and charge whatever prices they desire.
  • Even if competitors do shoulder these costs, monopolies will have ample warning and time in which to either buy out the competitor, engage in its own research, or return to predatory pricing long enough to eliminate the upstart business.

• Health Care Policy

  • Of each dollar spent on health care in the United States, 31% goes to hospital care, 21% goes to physician/clinical services, 10% to pharmaceuticals, 4% to dental, 6% to nursing homes and 3% to home health care, 3% for other retail products, 3% for government public health activities, 7% to administrative costs, 7% to investment, and 6% to other professional services (physical therapists, optometrists, etc.).

• Fours Schools of Economic Thought: Classical, Marxian, Keynesian, and the Chicago School.

  • Thus, in this school of economic thought, the labor theory of value is a method for measuring the degree to which labor is exploited in a capitalist society, rather than simply a method for calculating price.
  • The book analyzed the determinants of national income, in the short run, during a period of time when prices are relatively inflexible.
  • Keynes attempted to explain, in broad theoretical detail, why high labor-market unemployment might not be self-correcting due to low "effective demand," and why neither price flexibility nor monetary policy could be counted on to remedy the situation.

• Deregulation

  • The rationale for deregulation, as it is often phrased, is that fewer and simpler regulations will lead to a raised level of competitiveness between businesses, which itself will generate higher productivity, higher efficiency and lower prices.
  • The government responded by instituting more regulations, this time price and economic controls aimed at protecting the public from these monopolies.
  • In the first instance, as markets matured to a point where several providers could be financially viable offering similar services, prices determined by that ensuing competition were seen as more economically efficient than those set by the regulatory process.

• Subsidies and Contracting

  • Most subsidies are paid by the government to producers or distributed as subventions in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry, to increase the prices of its products, or simply to encourage the hiring of more labor.
  • Subsidies that increase the production will tend to result in lower prices, while subsidies that increase demand will tend to result in an increase in price.