respiratory distress syndrome

Examples of respiratory distress syndrome in the following topics:

• Respiratory Distress Syndrome

  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious reaction to various forms of injuries or acute infection to the lung.
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or adult respiratory distress syndrome, is a serious reaction to various forms of injuries or acute infection to the lung.
  • ARDS is a severe lung syndrome (not a disease) caused by a variety of direct and indirect issues.
  • Mechanical ventilation is an essential part of the treatment of ARDS to relieve respiratory muscles of their work, and to protect the usually obtunded patient's airways.
  • If the underlying disease or injurious factor is not removed, the amount of inflammatory mediators released by the lungs in ARDS may result in a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (or sepsis if there is lung infection).

• Development of the Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system lies dormant in the human fetus during pregnancy.
  • Specialized cells of the respiratory epithelium appear, including type II alveolar cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant.
  • At birth, the respiratory system becomes fully functional upon exposure to air, although some development and growth continues throughout childhood.
  • This causes a lack of surfactant, leading to increased surface tension within the alveoli, subsequent alveoli collapse, and absence of gas exchange, a condition known as respiratory distress syndrome.
  • Evaluate the ability of a fetus to survive birth based on the development of the respiratory system

• Lung Capacity and Volume

  • Lung volumes and capacities refer to phases of the respiratory cycle; lung volumes are directly measured while capacities are inferred.
  • An FEV1/FVC ratio of >80% indicates a restrictive lung disease like pulmonary fibrosis or infant respiratory distress syndrome.
  • Capacity of the lungs generally refers to the total amount of volume of air inside the lungs at certain phases of the respiratory cycle.
  • The obstruction becomes worse the lower the ratio becomes, which increases the likelihood of respiratory failure and death .

• Adjustments of the Infant at Birth

  • During this transition, some types of congenital heart diseases that were not symptomatic in utero during fetal circulation will present with cyanosis or respiratory signs.
  • Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea, transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), airway obstruction, and pneumonia.

• Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation: Surface Tension of Alveolar Fluid

  • They lack sufficient surfactant to initiate proper breathing, and therefore, go into respiratory distress.
  • Therefore prematurely born infants are at a high risk of respiratory distress syndrome from airway collapse, which can cause death if untreated.

• Intubation During Anesthesia

  • General anesthetic agents, opioids, and neuromuscular-blocking drugs may diminish or even abolish the respiratory drive.
  • Examples of such conditions include cervical spine injury, multiple rib fractures, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or near-drowning.
  • In patients with elevated arterial carbon dioxide, an arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) greater than 45 mm Hg in the setting of acidemia would prompt intubation, especially if a series of measurements demonstrate a worsening respiratory acidosis.

• Premature Infants

  • Respiratory problems are common, specifically the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS or IRDS), which was previously called hyaline membrane disease.

• Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

  • This failure in ventilation may be caused by depression of the central respiratory center by cerebral disease or drugs, inability to ventilate adequately due to neuromuscular disease (e.g., myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, muscular dystrophy), or airway obstruction related to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation.
  • There are two types of respiratory alkalosis: chronic and acute.
  • Acute respiratory alkalosis occurs rapidly.
  • Chronic respiratory alkalosis is a more long-standing condition.
  • A Davenport diagram illustrating the transition from respiratory acidosis to respiratory alkalosis.

• Chemical Composition of Bone

  • This failure in ventilation may be caused by depression of the central respiratory center by cerebral disease or drugs, an inability to ventilate adequately due to neuromuscular disease (e.g., myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, muscular dystrophy), or airway obstructions related to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation.
  • There are two types of respiratory alkalosis: chronic and acute.
  • Acute respiratory alkalosis occurs rapidly.
  • Chronic respiratory alkalosis is a more long-standing condition.
  • Differentiate among the acid-base disorders: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis

• Alkalosis

  • Alkalosis can refer to respiratory alkalosis or metabolic alkalosis.
  • The main cause of respiratory alkalosis is hyperventilation, resulting in a loss of carbon dioxide.
  • It can also be caused by administration of diuretics and endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome.
  • Compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis involves slowed breathing by the lungs to increase serum carbon dioxide, a condition leaning toward respiratory acidosis.
  • As respiratory acidosis often accompanies the compensation for metabolic alkalosis, and vice versa, a delicate balance is created between these two conditions.