nuclear

Examples of nuclear in the following topics:

• Direct Gene Activation and the Second-Messenger System

  • Nuclear receptors function as transcription factors because they can bind to DNA and regulate gene expression.
  • Receptors which can directly influence gene expression are termed nuclear receptors.
  • Type I nuclear receptors are located in the cytosol.
  • In the absence of ligand, type II nuclear receptors are often complexed with co-repressor proteins.
  • Hormone binding to the nuclear receptor results in dissociation of the co-repressor and the recruitment of co-activator proteins.

• Bone Scans

  • Bone scans are a special type of nuclear scanning test that is often used to find bone cancer or bone inflammation.
  • A bone scan is a nuclear scanning test to find certain abnormalities in bone that are triggering the bone's attempts to heal.
  • A nuclear bone scan is a functional test, which means it measures an aspect of bone metabolism or bone remodeling .
  • Nuclear bone scans are not to be confused with the completely different test often termed a "bone density scan," DEXA or DXA, which is a low exposure X-ray test measuring bone density to look for osteoporosis and other diseases where bones lose mass, without any bone re-building (osteoblastic) activity.
  • The nuclear medicine scan technique is sensitive to areas of unusual bone re-building activity because the radiopharmaceutical is taken up by osteoblast cells that build bone.

• Muscle Tone

  • Connecting to the endomysium of a muscle fiber, muscle spindles are composed of nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers.
  • However, unlike skeletal muscle fibers where the nuclei are spread out and located at the periphery of the cell, in nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers the nuclei are located in a central region which is enlarged in nuclear bag fibers.

• Components of Blood

  • Mature RBCs lack a nucleus and organelles and have no nuclear DNA.
  • They lack hemoglobin but contain organelles, a nucleus, and nuclear DNA.
  • Platelets contain mitochondrial DNA, but not nuclear DNA.

• Medical Imaging

  • A magnetic resonance imaging instrument (MRI), or "nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging" scanner as it was originally known, uses powerful magnets to polarize and excite hydrogen nuclei (single proton) in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body scanner .
  • Nuclear medicine encompasses both diagnostic imaging and treatment of disease, and may also be referred to as molecular medicine or molecular imaging and therapeutics.
  • Nuclear medicine uses certain properties of isotopes and the energetic particles emitted from radioactive material to diagnose or treat various pathology.
  • Different from the typical concept of anatomic radiology, nuclear medicine enables assessment of physiology.
  • A magnetic resonance imaging instrument (MRI scanner), or "nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging" scanner as it was originally known, uses powerful magnets to polarize and excite hydrogen nuclei (single proton) in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body.

• Functions of the Cerebellum

  • The cells then focus their own output down to a group of less than 50 deep nuclear cells.
  • Plasticity: The synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells and between mossy fibers and deep nuclear cells are both susceptible to modification of their strength.
  • In a single cerebellar module, input from as many as a billion parallel fibers converge onto a group of less than 50 deep nuclear cells, and the influence of each parallel fiber on those nuclear cells is adjustable.

• Functions of the Cerebellum in Integrating Movements

  • Because of the way that they are lined up longitudinally, the 1,000 or so Purkinje cells belonging to a microzone may receive input from as many as 100 million parallel fibers and focus their own output down to a group of less than 50 deep nuclear cells.
  • The synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells, and the synapses between mossy fibers and deep nuclear cells, are both susceptible to modification of their strength.
  • In a single cerebellar module, input from as many as a billion parallel fibers converge onto a group of less than 50 deep nuclear cells, and the influence of each parallel fiber on those nuclear cells is adjustable.

• Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum

  • Divergence and convergence: The 1000 or so Purkinje cells belonging to a microzone may receive input from as many as 100 million parallel fibers, and focus their own output down to a group of less than 50 deep nuclear cells.
  • Plasticity: The synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells, and the synapses between mossy fibers and deep nuclear cells, are both susceptible to modification of their strength.
  • The influence of each parallel fiber on nuclear cells is adjustable.

• RBC Anatomy

  • Although RBCs are considered cells, they lack a nucleus, nuclear DNA, and most organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

• Eicosanoids

  • They derive from the EFAs that make up the cell and nuclear membranes.