nephrotic syndrome

Examples of nephrotic syndrome in the following topics:

• Edema Caused by Loss of Plasma Proteins

  • Nephrotic syndrome is a nonspecific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein.
  • The nephrotic syndrome usually results in the excretion of about 3.0 to 3.5 grams per 24 hours.
  • Lipiduria (lipids in urine) can also occur, but is not essential for the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome.
  • Nephrotic syndrome is often classified histologically.
  • The prognosis depends on the cause of nephrotic syndrome.

• Glomerular Diseases

  • It may present with isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria (blood or protein in the urine), or as a nephrotic syndrome, a nephritic syndrome, acute renal failure, or chronic renal failure.
  • Goodpasture's syndrome (also known as Goodpasture's disease and anti-glomerular basement antibody disease ) is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs, and to kidney failure.
  • Distinguish between the glomerular diseases of Glomerulonephritis (GN) and Goodpasture's syndrome

• Edema

  • A fall in osmotic pressure occurs in nephrotic syndrome and liver failure, and may cause edema.

• Down Syndrome

  • Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.
  • This is the cause of 1–2% of the observed Down syndromes.
  • Translocation Down syndrome is often referred to as familial Down syndrome.
  • It is the cause of 2–3% of observed cases of Down syndrome.
  • Many standard prenatal screens can discover Down syndrome.

• Horner's Syndrome

  • Horner's syndrome may also occur during a migraine attack and resolve after the migraine.
  • Treatment of Horner's syndrome requires that the underlying cause of the syndrome be identified.
  • Horner's syndrome is more of a symptom than an actual, independent disease.
  • The numbers indicate sites of possible lesions on the nerves that cause Horner's syndrome.
  • This patient exhibits Horner's syndrome on the left side of face.

• Compartment Syndrome

  • Compartment syndrome most often involves the forearm and lower leg, and can be acute or chronic.
  • When compartment syndrome is caused by repetitive use of the muscles, as in a cyclist, it is known as chronic compartment syndrome.
  • Chronic compartment syndrome in the lower leg can be treated conservatively or surgically.
  • Chronic compartment syndrome can develop into the acute syndrome.
  • A fasciotomy is a surgical treatment for compartment syndrome.

• Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome

  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome is discomfort originating from the contact of the posterior of the patella (kneecap) with the femur.
  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a syndrome characterized by pain or discomfort seemingly originating from the contact of the posterior surface of the patella (back of the kneecap) with the femur (thigh bone).
  • Secondary causes of PF Syndrome are fractures, internal knee derangement, osteoarthritis of the knee, and bony tumors in or around the knee.
  • Specific populations at high risk of primary PF Syndrome include runners, basketball players, young athletes, and females; especially those who have an increased angle of genu valgus (commonly referred to as "knock-knees").
  • Patellofemoral pain syndrome may also result from overuse or overload of the PF joint.

• Sjögren's Syndrome

  • Sjögren's syndrome, also known as "Mikulicz disease" and "Sicca syndrome," is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.
  • The hallmark symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome are dry eyes and dry mouth.
  • Sjögren's syndrome can exist as a disorder in its own right, as primary Sjögren's syndrome, or may develop years after the onset of another autoimmune rheumatic disorder, as secondary Sjögren's syndrome.
  • Producing less than five millimeters of liquid is usually indicative of Sjögren's syndrome.
  • If lesions are observed within the salivary glands, it is strongly indicative of Sjögren's syndrome.

• Marfan Syndrome

  • Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue.
  • Marfan syndrome has a range of expressions, from mild to severe.
  • Many individuals with Marfan syndrome grow to above-average height.
  • Marfan syndrome can also seriously affect the eyes and vision.
  • Marfan syndrome is a risk factor for spontaneous pneumothorax.

• Medulla Injury

  • Lateral medullary syndrome, also called Wallenberg syndrome and posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome, is a disease that presents with a constellation of neurologic symptoms due to injury to the lateral part of the medulla in the brain, resulting in tissue ischemia and necrosis, typically from blood clot (stroke) impeding the vertebral artery and/or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery .
  • This crossed finding is diagnostic for the syndrome.
  • Treatment for lateral medullary syndrome involves focusing on relief of symptoms and active rehabilitation to help those suffering from the syndrome recover their activities of daily living and cope with neurologic loss that can be psychologically devastating.
  • One of the most unique and difficult to treat symptoms that occur due to Wallenberg syndrome are interminable, violent hiccups.
  • The outlook for someone with lateral medullary syndrome depends upon the size and location of the area of the brain stem damaged by the stroke.