leakage channel

Examples of leakage channel in the following topics:

• Ion Channels

  • Leakage channels are the simplest type of ion channel, in that their permeability is more or less constant.
  • The types of leakage channels with the greatest significance in neurons are potassium and chloride channels.
  • There are three main types of gated channels: chemically-gated or ligand-gated channels, voltage-gated channels, and mechanically-gated channels.
  • Voltage-gated ion channels, also known as voltage-dependent ion channels, are channels whose permeability is influenced by the membrane potential.
  • Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are one type of ionotropic receptor or channel-linked receptor.

• Urinary Incontinence

  • Urinary incontinence (UI) is any involuntary leakage of urine.

• Levator Ani Injury and Urinary Stress Incontinence

  • Levator ani syndrome, episodic rectal pain, is caused by spasm of the levator ani muscle; urinary incontinence is involuntary urine leakage.
  • Other types of incontinence are giggle incontinence, an involuntary response to laughter; and coital incontinence (CI), urinary leakage that occurs during either penetration or orgasm and can occur with a sexual partner or with masturbation.
  • Urinary incontinence (UI) is any involuntary leakage of urine.

• The Action Potential and Propagation

  • The repolarization or falling phase is caused by the slow closing of sodium channels and the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels.
  • As the sodium ion entry declines, the slow voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium ions rush out of the cell.
  • Hyperpolarization is a phase where some potassium channels remain open and sodium channels reset.
  • A period of increased potassium permeability results in excessive potassium efflux before the potassium channels close.
  • The period from the opening of the sodium channels until the sodium channels begin to reset is called the absolute refractory period.

• Tight Junctions

  • In other words, the plasma membranes of adjacent cells essentially fuse together tightly in order to limit the leakage of various substances between the two cells. 
  • In the digestive system, they help prevent the leakage of digestive enzymes into our bloodstream.

• Gap Junctions

  • Each gap junction channel is made up of two half channels (hemichannels), one in each cell’s membrane. 
  • These half channels join together, bridge the extracellular space in the process, and form the entire channel that spans both cell membranes. 
  • Each of these half channels is called a connexon. 
  • This means each channel is made up of 12 circularly arranged protein units. 
  • The channels in a gap junction aren’t always open. 

• Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors

  • Although both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors are activated by neurotransmitters, ionotropic receptors are channel-linked while metabotropic receptors initiate a cascade of molecules via G-proteins.
  • Two types of membrane-bound receptors are activated with the binding of neurotransmitters: ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) inotropic receptors and metabotropic G- protein coupled receptors.
  • The prototypic ligand-gated ion channel is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor .
  • With a sufficient number of channels opening at once, the inward flow of positive charges carried by Na+ ions depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane enough to initiate an action potential.
  • While ionotropic channels have an effect only in the immediate region of the receptor, the effects of metabotropic receptors can be more widespread throughout the cell.

• Pancreatic Juice

  • Pancreatic duct rupture and pancreatic juice leakage cause pancreatic self-digestion.

• Exercise and Pregnancy

  • Contraindications of exercise include, vaginal bleeding, dyspnea before exertion, dizziness, headache, chest pain, muscle weakness, preterm labor, decreased fetal movement, amniotic fluid leakage, and calf pain or swelling (to rule out thrombophlebitis).

• Aging and the Urinary System

  • Aging also increases the risk for urinary disorders such as acute and chronic kidney failure, urinary incontinence, leakage, or retention, bladder, and other urinary tract infections.