hypertension

Examples of hypertension in the following topics:

• Hypertension

  • Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure, sometimes called arterial hypertension, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated.
  • Hypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension; about 90–95% of cases are categorized as "primary hypertension" which means high blood pressure with no obvious underlying medical cause.
  • Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause.
  • Renal disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension.
  • There are many complications of chronic hypertension .

• Extremes in Blood Pressure

  • Chronically elevated blood pressure is called hypertension, while chronically low blood pressure is called hypotension.
  • Blood pressures above this are classed as hypertension and those below are hypotension, both considered medical conditions.
  • Hypertension or high blood pressure, sometimes called arterial hypertension, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated above 140/90 mmHg.
  • Hypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension; about 90–95% of cases are categorized as "primary hypertension" which means high blood pressure with no obvious underlying medical cause.
  • The remaining 5–10% of cases (secondary hypertension) are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart, or endocrine system.

• Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension

  • There are many forms of pregnancy-induced hypertension (increased arterial blood pressure after 20 weeks gestation), of varying severity.
  • Gestational hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is defined as the development of new arterial hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks gestation without the presence of protein in the urine.
  • Pre-eclampsia or preeclampsia is a medical condition in which hypertension arises in pregnancy (gestational hypertension) in association with significant amounts of protein in the urine.
  • Hypertension can sometimes be controlled with anti-hypertensive medication, but any effect this might have on the progress of the underlying disease is unknown.
  • In gestational hypertension, the muscle of the maternal blood vessels feeding the placenta is larger than it should be due to inflammation.

• Arterial Blood Pressure

  • However, in a study of 100 human subjects with no known history of hypertension, the average blood pressure of 112/64 mmHg, currently classified as a desirable or "normal" value.
  • Arterial hypertension can be an indicator of other problems and may have long-term adverse effects.
  • Sometimes it can be an acute problem, such as a hypertensive emergency.
  • Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, and arterial aneurysms, and is the leading cause of chronic renal failure.
  • If systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (<90), it is called "isolated systolic hypertension" and may present a health concern.

• Autonomic Dysreflexia

  • It is characterized by severe paroxysmal hypertension (episodic high blood pressure) associated with throbbing headaches, profuse sweating, nasal stuffiness, flushing of the skin above the level of the lesion, bradycardia, apprehension and anxiety, which is sometimes accompanied by cognitive impairment.
  • In AD, patients will experience hypertension, sweating, and erythema (more likely in upper extremities) and may suffer from headaches and blurred vision.
  • Older patients with very incomplete spinal cord injuries and systolic hypertension without symptoms are usually experiencing essential hypertension, not autonomic dysreflexia.
  • Proper treatment of autonomic dysreflexia involves administration of anti-hypertensives along with immediate determination and removal of the triggering stimuli.

• Measuring Blood Pressure

  • Hypertensive: 140 mmHg and above systolic and 90 mmHg and above diastolic.
  • Therefore, hypertension is indicated when the systolic number is persistently over 140–160 mmHg.

• Diuretics

  • In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension and certain kidney diseases.
  • In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension and certain kidney diseases.
  • Indapamide was specifically designed with this in mind, and has a larger therapeutic window for hypertension (without pronounced diuresis) than most other diuretics.
  • The short-term anti-hypertensive action is based on the fact that thiazides decrease preload, decreasing blood pressure.

• Fluids and Aging

  • Chronic conditions that can produce nephropathy include systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, and high blood pressure (hypertension), which lead to diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephropathy, respectively.

• Heart Failure

  • Common causes of heart failure include myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathy.
  • Reversible causes of the heart failure also need to be addressed: (e.g. infection, alcohol ingestion, anemia, thyrotoxicosis, arrhythmia, hypertension).

• Brain Tumors

  • Consequences of intracranial hypertension: Large tumors or tumors with extensive perifocal swelling (edema) inevitably lead to elevated intracranial pressure (intracranial hypertension), which translates clinically into headaches, vomiting (sometimes without nausea), altered state of consciousness (somnolence, coma), dilation of the pupil on the side of the lesion (anisocoria), papilledema (prominent optic disc at the funduscopic eye examination).