cholinergic

Examples of cholinergic in the following topics:

• Developmental Changes in Fluids

  • It is well established that central cholinergic mechanisms are critical in the regulation of cardiovascular responses and maintenance of body fluid homeostasis in adults.
  • However, in utero development of brain cholinergic mechanisms in the regulation of the hypothalamic neuropeptides is largely unknown.
  • Further research results indicate that the central cholinergic mechanism is established and functional in the regulation of the hypothalamic neuropeptides during the final trimester of pregnancy.
  • This provides evidence for a functional link between the development of central cholinergic mechanisms and hypothalamic neuropeptide systems in the fetus.

• Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors

  • In the central nervous system, acetylcholine and its associated neurons form the cholinergic system.
  • Damage to the cholinergic (acetylcholine-producing) system in the brain has been shown to be plausibly associated with the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease.
  • When cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are lesioned, animals' ability to detect visual signals was robustly and persistently impaired.
  • Cholinergic neurons are capable of producing ACh.
  • An example of a central cholinergic area is the nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain.

• Agonists, Antagonists, and Drugs

  • Drugs effecting cholinergic neurotransmission may block, hinder, or mimic the action of acetylcholine and alter post-synaptic transmission.
  • In clinical use, they are administered to reverse the action of muscle relaxants, to treat myasthenia gravis, and to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (rivastigmine increases cholinergic activity in the brain).
  • NAchR are cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons and on the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction.

• Alzheimer's Disease

  • The oldest, on which most currently available drug therapies are based, is the cholinergic hypothesis, which proposes that AD is caused by reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
  • The cholinergic hypothesis has not maintained widespread support, largely because medications intended to treat acetylcholine deficiency have not been very effective.
  • Other cholinergic effects have also been proposed, for example, initiation of large-scale aggregation of amyloid, leading to generalised neuroinflammation.

• Parasympathetic Responses

  • The ACh acts on two types of receptors, the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

• Postganglionic Neurons

  • In the parasympathetic division, they are cholinergic and use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.
  • The ACh acts on two types of receptors, the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • Recently, a third subsystem of neurons has been identified referred to as "non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic" neurons (because they use nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter).

• Preganglionic Neurons

  • All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), are cholinergic—that is, these fibers use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter—and are myelinated.

• The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Movement

  • Although cholinergic cells make up only a small fraction of the total population, the striatum has one of the highest acetylcholine concentrations of any brain structure.

• Function and Physiology of the Spinal Nerves

  • Nerves that release acetylcholine are said to be cholinergic.