Examples of Cardiac hypertrophy in the following topics:
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- A sedentary and inactive lifestyle is associated with greater risk for hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarctions, due to the metabolic changes that accompany a sedentary lifestyle.
- A stronger heart does not pump blood faster but does pump it more forcefully with a greater ejection fraction, suggesting more efficient cardiac output.
- The heart rates at rest of trained endurance athletes are also significantly lower than those of sedentary individuals, because fewer heartbeats are required to produce the same cardiac output at rest in those with higher stroke volumes.
- For example, some athletes may be at risk for cardiac hypertrophy from too much exercise over long periods of time and sudden cardiac death from exercising to the point that the heart's metabolic demands become too high, causing an arrhythmia.
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- Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle, is comprised of sarcomeres, the basic, contractile units of muscle.
- Cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle both contain the protein myoglobin, which stores oxygen.
- Cardiac muscle is adapted to be highly resistant to fatigue.
- Cardiac hypertrophy is a common result of hypertension (high blood pressure) in which the cells of the myocardium enlarge as an adaptive response to pumping against the higher pressure.
- Eventually, hypertrophy may become so severe that heart failure occurs when the heart becomes so stiff that it can no longer pump blood.
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- Murmurs may also be caused by valve stenosis (improper opening) and cardiac shunts, a severe condition in which a defect in the septum allows blood to flow between both sides of the heart.
- S3 represents a flabby or weak ventricle that fills with more blood than it is able to pump, while S4 represents a stiff ventricle, such as those found in cardiac hypertrophy.
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- It is most common in those that do more cardiac-oriented exercise.
- Sudden cardiac death is notable for occurring in otherwise healthy and young athletes who train too much for long-distance running.
- While many factors that can lead to sudden cardiac death in athletes are genetic (such as inherited problems with heart rhythm or coronary artery blood supply), many of these deaths are caused by cardiac hypertrophy, in which the heart becomes too thick from damage and scarring from too-intense exercise over long periods of time.
- Initially, hypertrophy improves blood flow due to increases in the strength of the heart, but it eventually leads to heart failure as the tissues become too thick to pump normally.
- Athletes with genetic susceptibilities are more likely to experience sudden cardiac death as a response to their hypertrophied heart, which can contribute to development of a severe arrhythmia (such as ventricular fibrillation).
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- A missing P wave indicates atrial fibrillation, a cardiac arrhythmia in which the heart beats irregularly, preventing efficient ventricular diastole.
- Abnormalities in the QRS complex may indicate cardiac hypertrophy or myocardial infarctions.
- Ventricular fibrillation will cause sudden cardiac death within minutes unless electrical resuscitation (with an AED) is performed immediately.
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- It can raise blood pressure enough to cause hypertension, increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiac hypertrophy, increase vulnerability to anxiety and depression, contribute to infertility, and hasten the aging process.
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- Congestive cardiac failure is generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs.
- Heart failure is a global term for the physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient in meeting the needs of the body and lungs.
- Increased heart rate in CHF is stimulated by increased sympathetic activity in order to maintain cardiac output.
- Ultimately, hypertrophy may contribute to the increased stiffness and decreased ability to relax during diastole.
- A healthy heart (left) and one suffering from right ventricular hypertrophy (right).
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- The term "heart failure" is sometimes incorrectly used to describe other cardiac-related illnesses, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) or cardiac arrest, which can cause heart failure but are not equivalent to heart failure.
- Heart failure may also occur when the body's requirements for oxygen and nutrients are increased and the demand outstrips what the heart can provide, (termed "high output cardiac failure").
- Additional signs indicating left ventricular failure include a laterally displaced apex beat (which occurs if the heart is enlarged) and a gallop rhythm (additional heart sounds) may be heard as a marker of increased blood flow, or increased intra-cardiac pressure.
- Echocardiography may also aid in deciding what treatments will help the patient, such as medication, insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, or cardiac resynchronization therapy.
- An electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) may be used to identify arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, right and left ventricular hypertrophy, and presence of conduction delay or abnormalities (e.g. left bundle branch block).
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- Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in the size of a muscle through an increase in the size of its component cells.
- Several biological factors such as age and nutrition can affect muscle hypertrophy.
- During puberty in males, hypertrophy occurs at an increased rate.
- Natural hypertrophy normally stops at full growth in the late teens.
- An adequate supply of amino acids is essential to produce muscle hypertrophy.
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- Sustained, repeated overload of a muscle group leads to hypertrophy and strengthening of those muscles.
- Muscle hypertrophy, or the increase in muscle mass due to exercise , particularly weight training, is a noticeable long-term effect of exercise.
- Exercise of specific muscles can often result in hypertrophy in the opposite muscles as well, a phenomenon known as cross education.