Examples of cancer immunosurveillance in the following topics:
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- Cancer immunology examines the interaction between cancer cells and the immune system.
- Cancer immunology is the study of interactions between the immune system and cancer cells (also called tumors or malignancies).
- Over the past several years there has been notable progress and an accumulation of scientific evidence for the concept of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting based on (i) protection against development of spontaneous and chemically-induced tumors in animal systems and (ii) identification of targets for immune recognition of human cancer.
- Cancer immunosurveillance appears to be an important host protection process that inhibits carcinogenesis and maintains regular cellular homeostasis.
- It has also been suggested that immunosurveillance primarily functions as a component of a more general process of cancer immunoediting, a process by which a person is protected from cancer growth and the development of tumour immunogenicity by their immune system.
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- Immunodeficiency may also decrease cancer immunosurveillance.
- This includes many types of cancer, particularly those of the bone marrow and blood cells (those with leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, etc.), and certain chronic infections.
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- Figure 1 shows the correlation between smoking and lung cancer.
- Among the diseases that can be caused by smoking are vascular stenosis, lung cancer, heart attacks, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer).
- The primary risks of tobacco usage include many forms of cancer, particularly lung cancer, kidney cancer, cancer of the larynx and head and neck, breast cancer, bladder cancer, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the pancreas, and stomach cancer.
- There is some evidence suggesting a small increased risk of myeloid leukemia, squamous cell sinonasal cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, cancers of the gallbladder, the adrenal gland, the small intestine, and various childhood cancers.
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- Cervical cancer is a cancer that originates in the cervix of a female.
- One of the most common symptoms of cervical cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, but in some cases there may be no obvious symptoms until the cancer has progressed to an advanced stage.
- Very rarely, cancer can arise in other types of cells in the cervix.
- The early stages of cervical cancer may be completely asymptomatic.
- While the pap smear is an effective screening test, confirmation of the diagnosis of cervical cancer or pre-cancer requires a biopsy of the cervix.
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- Colorectal cancer, commonly known as bowel cancer, is a cancer from uncontrolled malignant cell growth in the colon, rectum, or appendix.
- Colorectal cancer, commonly known as bowel cancer, is a cancer from uncontrolled malignant cell growth in the colon, rectum, or appendix .
- Colorectal cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, but it is more common in developed countries.
- Physical activity can moderately reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.
- More than 80% colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps making this cancer amenable to screening .
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- A major hallmark of cancers is metastasis, the ability of the cancer to spread between tissues and organs within the body.
- Due to the wide variety of cancerous diseases, six hallmarks are used to group and define cancers:
- Carcinoma: Cancers derived from epithelial cells.
- Cancer is a disease of dysregulated cell proliferation.
- For certain types of cancer, such as early head and neck cancer, it may be used alone.
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- Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.
- Over his lifetime, a man's risk of testicular cancer is roughly 1 in 250 (0.4%).
- Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers: in excess of 90%; essentially 100% if it has not spread (metastasized).
- Although testicular cancer can be derived from any cell type found in the testicles, more than 95% of testicular cancers are germ cell tumors .
- However, the American Cancer Society suggests that some men should examine their testicles monthly, especially if they have a family history of cancer.
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- Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths across the globe, and has one of the highest fatality rates of all cancers.
- Symptoms of pancreatic cancer metastasis.
- The risk of developing pancreatic cancer increases with age.
- This depends on the stage of the cancer.
- These micrographs show the progression of changes in the pancreas due to cancer, from normal pancreas, to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (precursors to pancreatic cancer), and finally pancreatic cancer.
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- The incidence of lung cancer in the United States.
- Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.
- The main types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer, and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).
- Well-differentiated squamous cell lung cancers often grow more slowly than other cancer types.
- Similar to many other cancers, lung cancer is initiated by activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.
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- Ovarian cancer is a cancerous growth arising from the ovary.
- Since the ovaries and tubes are closely related to each other, it is thought that these fallopian cancer cells can mimic ovarian cancer.
- These cancers are grouped into the category of gynecologic cancer.
- In most cases, the exact cause of ovarian cancer remains unknown.
- The more children a woman has, the lower her risk of ovarian cancer.