Examples of Airway epithelial cells in the following topics:
-
- Epithelial tissue is classified by cell shape and the number of cell layers.
- For example, simple squamous epithelial tissue describes a single layer of cells that are flat and scale-like in shape.
- Simple epithelial tissues are generally classified by the shape of their cells.
- Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
- There are three principal classifications associated with epithelial cells.
-
- Virtually all nucleated cells, but especially endo/epithelial cells and resident macrophages (many near the interface with the external environment) are potent producers of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.
- Airway epithelium has complex structure: consists of at least seven diverse cell types interacting with each other by means of tight junctions.
- Moreover, epithelial calls can deliver the signals into the underlying tissues taking part in the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune defence.
- Once pathogenic bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa) has activated particular pattern recognition receptors on/in epithelial cells, the proinflammatory signaling pathways are activated.
- These cytokines induce the chemotaxis to the site of infection in its target cells (e.g., neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages).
-
- Epithelial tissue is composed of cells laid out in sheets with strong cell-to-cell attachments.
- The epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue.
- One side of the epithelial cell is oriented towards the surface of the tissue, body cavity, or external environment and the other surface is joined to a basement membrane.
- Epithelial tissues are identified by both the number of layers and the shape of the cells in the upper layers.
- Epithelial tissue is classified based on the number of cells, the shape of those cells, and the types of those cells.
-
- ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) is an enzyme secreted by the endothelial cells of the capillaries in the lungs.
- The epithelial cells and macrophages of the lungs secrete many molecules that have immune system functions.
- They are used to kill pathogens after being engulfed (phagocytized) by immune cells.
- Anti-microbial peptides: Various chemokines and proteins that are secreted by the mucus membranes of the airways.
- Other mechanical functions include sneezing and coughing, which protect the lungs and airways from irritants that could potentially cause damage.
-
- Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.
- The main types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer, and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).
- There are three main sub-types: squamous cell lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell lung carcinoma.
- Adenocarcinoma accounts for 40% of non-small cell lung cancers.
- Most cases arise in the larger airways (primary and secondary bronchi).
-
- CFTR regulates the movement of chloride and sodium ions across epithelial membranes, such as the alveolar epithelia located in the lungs.
- Lung disease develops in CF as a result of clogging of the airways due to mucus build-up, decreased mucociliary clearance, and resulting inflammation.
- In later stages, changes in the architecture of the lung, such as pathology in the major airways (bronchiectasis), further exacerbate difficulties in breathing.
- Ideally, gene therapy attempts to place a normal copy of the CFTR gene into affected cells.
- Transferring the normal CFTR gene into the affected epithelium cells would result in the production of functional CFTR in all target cells, without adverse reactions or an inflammation response.
-
- The force of surface tension in the lungs is so great that without something to reduce the surface tension, the airways would collapse after exhalation, making re-inflation during inhalation much more difficult and less effective.
- Fortunately, the type II epithelial cells of the alveoli continually secrete a molecule called surfactant that solves this problem.
- Therefore prematurely born infants are at a high risk of respiratory distress syndrome from airway collapse, which can cause death if untreated.
-
- Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands.
- Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and detection of sensation.
- Exocrine and endocrine epithelial cells are highly vascular.
- Secretion is one major function of epithelial cells .
- Glands are formed from the invagination / infolding of epithelial cells and subsequent growth in the underlying connective tissue.
-
- Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm.
- Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling.
- If mild persistent disease is present (more than two attacks a week), low-dose inhaled glucocorticoids or alternatively, an oral leukotriene antagonist or a mast cell stabilizer is recommended.
- During an asthma episode, inflamed airways react to environmental triggers such as smoke, dust, or pollen.
- The airways narrow and produce excess mucus, making it difficult to breathe.
-
- Most mucous membranes contain stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelial tissue.
- The epithelial tissue sheet lies directly over the layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria.
- The submucosal glands are a companion to unicellular goblet cells, which also produce mucus, and are found lining the same tubes.