periodontal disease

Examples of periodontal disease in the following topics:

• Fusobacteria

  • Fusobacterium are anaerobic, non-spore forming, gram-negative bacteria that are associated with periodontal disease and Lemierre's syndrome.
  • The Fusobacterium are associated with infection and disease including periodontal diseases, topical skin ulcers and Lemierres's syndrome.
  • The diseases attributed to Fusobacterium infection involve symptoms that include tissue necrosis, septicemia, intra-amniotic infections and ulcers.
  • A specific disease caused by Fusobacteria includes Lemierres's syndrome.
  • Fusobacteria are normal flora within the oropharyngeal and can clearly result in disease if conditions are optimal.

• Tooth and Gum Infections

  • If left untreated, the disease can lead to pain, tooth loss, and infection.
  • Today, caries remain one of the most common diseases throughout the world.
  • The levels of oral spirochetes are elevated in patients with periodontal diseases.
  • Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative oral anaerobe strongly associated with chronic adult periodontitis.
  • If not taken care of, via brushing or flossing, the plaque can turn into tartar (its hardened form) and lead to gingivitis or periodontal disease.

• Innate Resistance

  • As of 2007, no clear examples of archaeal pathogens are known, although a relationship has been proposed between the presence of some methanogens and human periodontal disease.
  • There is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora, such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt, helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children and encouraging preliminary data in studies on bacterial gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • Those that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, but instead participate in maintaining health, are deemed members of the normal flora.
  • However, if microbe numbers grow beyond their typical ranges (often due to a compromised immune system) or if microbes populate atypical areas of the body (such as through poor hygiene or injury), disease can result.
  • However, in certain conditions, some species are thought to be capable of causing disease by causing infection or increasing cancer risk for the host.

• Campylobacter

  • At least a dozen species of Campylobacter have been implicated in human disease, with C. jejuni and C. coli the most common.
  • Campylobacter jejuni is now recognized as one of the main causes of bacterial foodborne disease in many developed countries.
  • At least a dozen species of Campylobacter have been implicated in human disease, with C. jejuni and C. coli the most common.
  • Infection produces an inflammatory, sometimes bloody diarrhea, periodontitis, or dysentery syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever and pain.

• Disease Severity and Duration

  • An acute disease is a short-lived disease, like the common cold.
  • A refractory disease is a disease that resists treatment, especially an individual case that resists treatment more than is normal for the specific disease in question.
  • A progressive disease is a disease whose typical natural course is the worsening of the disease until death, serious debility, or organ failure occurs.
  • Slowly progressive diseases are also chronic diseases; many are also degenerative diseases.
  • The opposite of progressive disease is stable disease or static disease: a medical condition that exists, but does not get better or worse.

• Vaccination

  • Active immunity to diseases can be acquired by natural exposure (in response to actually contracting an infectious disease) or it may be acquired intentionally, via the administration of an antigen, commonly known as vaccination .
  • Once your immune system has been trained to resist a disease, you are said to be immune to it.
  • Certain infectious diseases, such as Smallpox, have been completely eradicated.
  • By these vaccinated children not contracting these diseases, their parents, grandparents, friends and relatives (not vaccinated against these diseases themselves) will also be protected.
  • Describe how active immunity to diseases can be acquired by natural exposure or by vaccination

• Koch's Postulates

  • Koch's postulates are four criteria designed in the 1880's to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease.
  • Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease.
  • Koch applied the postulates to establish the etiology of anthrax and tuberculosis, but they have been generalized to other diseases.
  • The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
  • The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

• Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease

  • Sporotrichosis (also known as "Rose gardener's disease") is caused by the infection of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii .
  • This fungal disease usually affects the skin, although other rare forms can affect the lungs, joints, bones, and even the brain.
  • Because roses can spread the disease, it is one of a few diseases referred to as rose-thorn or rose-gardeners' disease.
  • Cutaneous or skin sporotrichosis: This is the most common form of the disease.
  • Pulmonary sporotrichosis: This rare form of the disease occurs when S. schenckii spores are inhaled.

• Occurrence of a Disease

  • An occurrence of disease greater than would be expected at a particular time and place is called an outbreak.
  • Two linked cases of a rare infectious disease may be sufficient to constitute an outbreak.
  • The epidemiology profession has developed a number of widely accepted steps when investigating disease outbreaks.
  • As described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, these include the following:
  • Behavioral risk related (e.g. sexually transmitted diseases, increased risk due to malnutrition)

• Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

  • Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (vCJD) is a fatal neurological disorder which is caused by prions.
  • Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, or CJD, is a degenerative neurological disorder (brain disease) that is incurable and invariably fatal.
  • Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases are caused by prions.
  • Thus, the diseases are sometimes called prion diseases.
  • Other prion diseases include Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and Kuru in humans; as well as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, commonly known as mad cow disease) in cattle, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in elk and deer, and Scrapie in sheep.