Inclusion bodies

Examples of Inclusion bodies in the following topics:

• Cell Inclusions and Storage Granules

  • Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins.
  • Inclusion bodies have a non-unit lipid membrane.
  • Protein inclusion bodies are classically thought to contain misfolded protein.
  • This electron micrograph shows the rabies virus, as well as Negri bodies, or cellular inclusions.
  • Explain the hypothesis regarding the formation of inclusion bodies and the importance of storage granules

• Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm

  • Inclusions vary, based on cell types.

• Classification and Identification of Helminths

  • The classification and identification of helminths are dependent on numerous factors including body shape, body cavity, body covering, digestive tubing, sex and type of attachment organs.
  • They lack a body cavity and have a tegument body covering.
  • Trematodes are characterized by an unsegmented plane for body shape.
  • They also lack a body cavity and have a tegument for body covering.
  • Nematodes are characterized by a cylindrical body shape and do indeed have a body cavity.

• Starvation-Induced Fruiting Bodies

  • Starvation-induced fruiting bodies can aggregate up to 500 micrometres long and contain approximately 100,000 bacterial cells.
  • In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; this type of cooperation is a simple type of multicellular organisation.
  • These fruiting bodies can take different shapes and colors, depending on the species.
  • Within the fruiting bodies, cells begin as rod-shaped vegetative cells and develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls.
  • At a molecular level, initiation of fruiting body development is regulated by Pxr sRNA.

• Suppression and Alteration of Microbiota by Antimicrobials

  • Our bodies depend upon, and host, a vast number of complex microbial flora that can be affected negatively by antimicrobial treatments.
  • The human body hosts thousands of different species of microbial organisms, known as the microbial flora or microbiota.
  • Microbiota serve many functions in our body; most notable is the gut flora, crucial for the proper digestion of food, carbohydrate fermentation, and nutrient absorption.
  • In addition, some microbial infections are due to translocation, the movement of advantageous bacteria to parts of the body where they might be harmful.
  • In addition to serving a necessary function as gut flora due in metabolism of food, some microbiota in our bodies serve the function of keeping pathogenic microbes from inhabiting or dominating other flora at locations in our body.

• Normal Microbiota and Host Relationships

  • Normal microbiota are the microorganisms that reside in the bodies of all humans.
  • While our bodies are happy to host the array of microbiota that are considered "normal," the human body does not take a back seat when infection tries to use it as a host.
  • Interestingly, normal microbiota can be key players helping the body fight off infection.
  • The body does not easily become a host to infection; it has a line up of defenses to try to protect you from harm.

• Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Defenses

  • The cardiovascular system basically moves blood throughout the body.
  • Many microbes take advantage of the circulatory system to spread throughout the body.
  • When micro-organisms invade the body, or the body encounters antigens (such as pollen), antigens are transported to the lymph.
  • Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection .
  • This diagram shows the network of lymph nodes and connecting lymphatic vessels in the human body.

• Viral Skin Diseases

  • Herpes simplex is most easily transmitted by direct contact with a lesion or the body fluid of an infected individual.
  • Once infected, the virus remains in the body for life.
  • Exactly how the virus remains latent in the body, and subsequently re-activates is not understood.
  • The pain and rash most commonly occurs on the torso, but can appear on the face, eyes, or other parts of the body.
  • They are contagious and usually enter the body in an area of broken skin.

• Portals of Microbe Entry

  • Microbes gain access to human tissues via mucosal surfaces within the body or epithelial surfaces on the outside of the body.
  • Microbes gain access to human tissues via two main types of routes: mucosal surfaces within the body (linings of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, or urinary tracts) or epithelial surfaces on the outside of the body (areas of skin that are either undamaged or compromised due to insect bites, cuts/scrapes, or other wounds).
  • A locus is the point on the body where a pathogen enters.
  • Direct transmission can also occur by sharing a towel (where the towel is rubbed vigorously on both bodies) or items of clothing in close contact with the body (socks, for example) if they are not washed thoroughly between uses.

• Serology

  • Serological tests are performed on blood serum, and body fluids such as semen and saliva.
  • Because this first recognition process takes time for antibody development, there is an initial delay for the body to fight the invading antigens.
  • When an antigen is introduced into the body for the first time, large quantities of IgM are produced.
  • Once IgG is produced in quantity, the IgG plays a greater role in the removal of antigens from the body due to its ability to bind to the antigen molecules more tightly.
  • These memory cells will remember all specific pathogens encountered during the animal's lifetime and can thus call forth a strong response if the pathogen ever invades the body again.