genetic engineering

Examples of genetic engineering in the following topics:

• Genetic Engineering in Animals

  • The purpose of genetic engineering in animals is to create animals with special characteristics.
  • Scientists are now capable of creating new species of animals by taking genetic material from one, or more, plants or animals, and genetically engineering them into the genes of another animal.
  • Genetically engineered animals are also created to help medical researchers in their quest to find cures for genetic disease, like breast cancer.
  • Despite this debate, the law in both the United States and in Europe, tends to support genetic engineering research and development by allowing genetically engineered animals to be patented.
  • Patents give scientists a monopoly over their genetically engineered animal species, something before unheard of in modern economic systems.

• Applications of Genetic Engineering

  • Genetic engineering means the manipulation of organisms to make useful products and it has broad applications.
  • Example of a genetic engineering application in medicine: one of the earliest uses of genetic engineering in pharmaceuticals was gene splicing to manufacture large amounts of insulin, made using the cells of E. coli bacteria.
  • Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
  • Genetic engineering has produced a variety of drugs and hormones for medical use.
  • Another byproduct is a type of human growth hormone; it's used to treat dwarfism and is produced through genetically-engineered bacteria and yeasts.

• Genetically Engineered Vaccines

  • Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
  • Genetically engineered viruses are being developed that can still confer immunity, but lack the infectious sequences.
  • Mouse hybridomas, cells fused together to create monoclonal antibodies have been humanised through genetic engineering to create human monoclonal antibodies.
  • The process of genetic engineering involves splicing an area of a chromosome, a gene, that controls a certain characteristic of the body.
  • The bacteria can continue to live a healthy life, though genetic engineering and human intervention has actively manipulated what the bacteria actually is.

• Mammalian Proteins and Products

  • Genetic engineering enables scientists to create plants, animals, and microorganisms by manipulating genes.
  • The first successful products of genetic engineering were protein drugs like insulin, which is used to treat diabetes , and growth hormone somatotropin.
  • Genetically engineered entities are biocompatible and biodegradable.
  • Many mammalian proteins are produced by genetic engineering.
  • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of producing genetically engineered proteins in bacteria

• Mammalian Gene Expression in Bacteria

  • Bacterial genetics can be manipulated to allow for mammalian gene expression systems established in bacteria.
  • An expression system that is categorized as a genetic engineering product is a system specifically designed for the production of a gene product of choice.
  • The genetically engineered expression system contains the appropriate DNA sequence for the gene of choice which is engineered into a plasmid that is introduced into a bacteria host.
  • In a genetically engineered system, this entire process of gene expression may be induced depending on the plasmid used.
  • Describe the sequence of events in a genetically engineered expression system

• Genetic Analysis

  • Bacteria obey the laws of genetics and the central dogma of life.
  • DNA that carries genetic information is transcribed to RNA polypeptides, which are translated into protein.
  • Plasmid profiling using molecular, biochemical, and microbial techniques is essential to understanding the mechanism of pathogenicity and to fuel genetic engineering.
  • -the genetic makeup) of a cell.
  • Genetic analysis of microbes allows the characterization of genes implicated in microbial pathogenesis.

• Vectors for Genomic Cloning and Sequencing

  • In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell.
  • In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell.
  • Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker.
  • The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to another cell is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell.
  • Viral vectors are generally genetically-engineered viruses carrying modified viral DNA or RNA that has been rendered noninfectious, but still contain viral promoters and also the transgene.

• Selection

  • Scientists who do experimental genetics employ artificial selection experiments that permit the survival of organisms with user-defined phenotypes.
  • Artificial selection is widely used in the field of microbial genetics, especially molecular cloning.
  • Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically-modified microorganisms (GMO).
  • Experimental scientists deal with this issue through a step of artificial genetic selection , in which cells that have not taken up DNA are selectively killed, and only those cells that can actively replicate DNA containing the selectable marker gene encoded by the vector are able to survive.

• Caulobacter Differentiation

  • The genetic basis of the phenotypic differences between the two strains results from coding, regulatory, and insertion/deletion polymorphisms at five chromosomal loci.
  • A control system constructed using biochemical and genetic logic circuitry organizes the timing of initiation of each of these subsystems.
  • The central feature of the cell cycle regulation is a cyclical genetic circuit—a cell cycle engine –- that is centered around the successive interactions of four master regulatory proteins: DnaA, GcrA, CtrA, and CcrM.
  • Several additional cell signaling pathways are also essential to the proper functioning of this cell cycle engine.

• Mutation

  • In molecular biology and genetics, mutations are accidental changes in a genomic sequence of DNA: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence in some viruses.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis, also called site-specific mutagenesis or oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, is a molecular biology technique often used in biomolecular engineering in which a mutation is created at a defined site in a DNA molecule.
  • It is commonly used in protein engineering .