antibacterial

Examples of antibacterial in the following topics:

• Antibiotic Discovery

  • Observations of antibiosis between micro-organisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms.
  • Alexander Fleming observed antibiosis against bacteria by a fungus of the genus Penicillium and postulated the effect was mediated by an antibacterial compound named penicillin whose antibacterial properties have been widely exploited for chemotherapy.
  • Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s.
  • In 1895, Vincenzo Tiberio, physician of the University of Naples discovered that a mold (Penicillium) in a water well has an antibacterial action.
  • Fleming postulated the effect was mediated by an antibacterial compound named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy.

• Effects of Drug Combinations

  • Interactions between alcohol and certain antibacterials may occur, cause side-effects, and decrease effectiveness of antibacterial therapy.
  • Potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibacterial administered.
  • Despite the lack of a categorical contraindication, the belief that alcohol and antibacterials should never be mixed is widespread.
  • Some antibacterials may inhibit the breakdown of alcohol, which may result in alcohol-induced vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath.
  • Other effects of alcohol on antibacterial activity include altered activity of the liver enzymes that break down the antibacterial compound.

• Antibiotics and Selective Toxicity

  • Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s.
  • After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial Salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
  • Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, three new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), and oxazolidinones (such as linezolid).
  • Some antibacterials have been associated with a range of adverse effects.
  • Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area.

• Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs

  • It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as the sulfonamides.
  • Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.
  • With advances in medicinal chemistry, most of today's antibacterials chemically are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds.
  • In 1928 Alexander Fleming observed antibiosis against bacteria by a fungus of the genus Penicillium and postulated the effect was mediated by an antibacterial compound, penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy.

• Antibiotic Classifications

  • "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria, usually both gram positive and gram negative cells.
  • Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, three new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), and oxazolidinones (such as linezolid).

• Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs

  • The original antibacterial sulfonamides (sometimes called sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
  • Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame.
  • The sulfonylureas and thiazide diuretics are newer drug groups based on the antibacterial sulfonamides.
  • In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis.

• Finding New Antimicrobial Drugs

  • Recent reports on the occurrence of panresistant gram-negative strains, i.e. strains resistant to every registered antibacterial drug, indicate that we are on the verge to lose the battle, taking us back to the pre-antibiotic era .
  • Many achievements of modern medicine, not only treatment of infectious diseases, depend on the availability of efficacious antibiotics, still, the antibacterial development pipeline is slow and the number of new drugs reaching the market is alarmingly low.

• Considerations in Microbial Control

  • It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as the sulfonamides.
  • With advances in medicinal chemistry, most of today's antibacterials chemically are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds.
  • Many antibacterial compounds are classified on the basis of chemical or biosynthetic origin into natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic.
  • In this classification, antibacterials are divided into two broad groups according to their biological effect on microorganisms: bactericidal agents kill bacteria, andbacteriostatic agents slow down or stall bacterial growth.

• Immunization, Antiseptics, and Antibiotics

  • An antibacterial is a compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria.
  • It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds, such as the sulfonamides.
  • Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 amu.
  • With advances in medicinal chemistry, most of today's antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds.

• Antibiotics from Prokaryotes

  • Streptomyces is the largest antibiotic-producing genus, producing antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic drugs, and also a wide range of other bioactive compounds, such as immunosuppressants.
  • Members of the Streptomyces genus are the source for numerous antibacterial pharmaceutical agents; among the most important of these are: Chloramphenicol (from S. venezuelae), Daptomycin (from S. roseosporus), Fosfomycin (from S. fradiae), Lincomycin (from S. lincolnensis), Neomycin (from S. fradiae), Puromycin (from S. alboniger), Streptomycin (from S. griseus), Tetracycline (from S. rimosus and S. aureofaciens).