cognitive

Examples of cognitive in the following topics:

• Cognitive Biases

  • Perceptual distortions, such as cognitive bias, can result in poor judgement and irrational courses of action.
  • A cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations and can lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality.
  • Essentially, there must be an objective observer to identify cognitive bias in a subjective individual.
  • The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972 and grew out of their experience of people's innumeracy, or inability to reason intuitively with greater orders of magnitude.
  • Analyze the complex cognitive patterns that can complicate employee perception and behavior

• Cognitive Biases as a Barrier to Decision Making

  • Decision making is inherently a cognitive activity, the result of thinking that may be either rational or irrational (i.e., based on assumptions not supported by evidence).
  • The most common cognitive biases are confirmation, anchoring, halo effect, and overconfidence.
  • Examine the complex individual influences central to the way in which decision making is pursued, most notably the cognitive, normative, and psychological perspectives

• Diversity Bias

  • Cognitive biases carried by individuals in organizations can create negative outcomes and reduce diversity of perspective.
  • Individuals face various cognitive biases that can affect organizational life.
  • A cognitive bias is the human tendency to make systematic decisions in certain circumstances based on cognitive factors rather than evidence.
  • A cognitive bias in which the current baseline (or status quo) is taken as a reference point, and any change from that baseline is perceived as a loss.
  • A social process that may have links to cognitive biases but also to other social dynamics.

• Leadership Traits

  • In other words, Zaccaro argues that effective leadership is derived from an integrated set of cognitive abilities, social capabilities, and personal tendencies, with each set of traits adding to the influence of the other.
  • In this multistage model, certain distal or remote attributes (such as personal attributes, cognitive abilities, and motives/values) serve as precursors for the development of personal characteristics that more directly shape a leader.
  • Zaccaro's theory emphasizes all of the attributes that make up the traits of a leader, including environmental, internal (personality), and cognitive abilities.

• Culture-Specific Nuances of Decision-Making

  • While there is a substantial amount of literature available regarding cultural differences in cognitive science, the complexity of decision-making is difficult to define and study concisely.
  • Priming - The subconscious cognition generated by exposure to specific cultural perceptions, which eventually are illustrated via behaviors such as decision-making.
  • Time Pressure - The time available to make a decision can create differences in reaction, as our conditioned decisions differ from are conscious/cognitive ones .

• The Behavioral-Science Approach

  • Behavioral science draws from a number of different fields and theories, primarily those of psychology, social neuroscience, and cognitive science.
  • This field deals with the processing of stimuli from the social environment by cognitive entities in order to engage in decision making, social judgment, and social perception.
  • Behavioral sciences also include relational sciences that deal with relationships, interaction, communication networks, associations, and relational strategies or dynamics between organisms or cognitive entities in a social system.

• The Trait-Theory Approach

  • The first premise states that effective leadership derives not from any one trait, but from an integrated set of cognitive abilities, social capabilities, and dispositional tendencies, with each set of traits adding to the influence of the other.
  • The premise suggests that distal attributes (such as dispositional attributes, cognitive abilities, and motives/values) come first and then lead to the development of proximal characteristics.
  • This diagram visually represents Zaccaro's theory that distal attributes (e.g., cognitive abilities, personality, values) serve as precursors for the development of proximal personal characteristics (e.g. social skills, problem-solving skills), both of which contribute to leadership.

• Perspectives on Motivation

  • Cognition-oriented theories generally revolve around expectations and deriving equitable compensation for a given effort or outcome.
  • There are two main cognition-oriented theories: equity theory and expectancy theory.

• Non-Rational Decision Making

  • The rationality of individuals is limited, however, by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision.
  • Simon defined two cognitive styles: maximizers and satisficers.

• Defining Job Satisfaction

  • Job satisfaction falls into two levels: affective job satisfaction and cognitive job satisfaction.
  • Cognitive job satisfaction is how satisfied employees feel concerning some aspect of their job, such as pay, hours, or benefits.