Examples of Zenger Trial in the following topics:
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The Trial of Zenger
- The Zenger Trial paved the way for freedom of the press in America by arguing that true statements could not be outlawed as libel.
- During the trial, Hamilton appealed directly to the jury, claiming that the truth could not be defamatory, and therefore, Zenger could not be found guilty of libel.
- Although the judge dismissed this claim entirely, Hamilton persuaded the jury to disregard the laws on libel in favor of this concept--an argument that convinced the jury to return a verdict of "not guilty. " Therefore, not only did the Zenger Trial result in a remarkable instance of jury nullifcation, but also established a precedent for protecting the freedom of the press in the American courts.
- Zenger's article gave contemporaries a preview of the same argument Hamilton would present to the jury in the Zenger trial: the truth is a legitimate defense against libel.
- Analyze the significance of the Zenger trial for the development of a free press in the colonies
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Freedom of Expression and its Limits
- One such instance in which the concept of freedom of expression dramatically expanded was the Zenger Trial.
- After more than eight months in prison, Zenger was defended in court by Philadelphia lawyer, Andrew Hamilton.
- In the trial, Hamilton appealed directly to the jury, claiming that the truth could not be defamatory, and therefore, Zenger could not be found guilty of libel.
- Although the judge dismissed this claim entirely, Hamilton persuaded the jury to disregard the laws on libel in favor of this concept—an argument that convinced the jury to return a verdict of "not guilty. " Therefore, not only did the Zenger Trial result in a remarkable instance of jury nullification, but it also established a precedent for protecting the freedom of the press in the American courts.
- Cosby was attacked by Zenger's paper for his actions while governor of New York.
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The Post-Closing Trial Balance
- A post-closing trial balance is a trial balance taken after the closing entries have been posted.
- The post-closing trial balance is the last step in the accounting cycle.
- When the post-closing trial balance is run, the zero balance temporary accounts will not appear.
- As with the trial balance, the purpose of the post-closing trial balance is to ensure that debits equal credits.
- That is why it is necessary to run a post-closing trial balance.
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Encouraging Product Trials
- Promotional tactics such as free samples and discounts are often used to encourage consumers to participate in product trials.
- Product trials include free samples, price reductions, or other purchase incentives designed to encourage consumer use during and after the trial.
- Some of the promotional tactics companies employ to encourage consumer participation in product trials include:
- Promote the product trial online via websites, social media, and paid and non-paid search marketing programs.
- Companies offer free samples to encourage consumers to participate in product trials.
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Categorical Data and the Multinomial Experiment
- The binomial distribution is the probability distribution of the number of successes for one of just two categories in $n$ independent Bernoulli trials, with the same probability of success on each trial.
- In a multinomial distribution, the analog of the Bernoulli distribution is the categorical distribution, where each trial results in exactly one of some fixed finite number $k$ of possible outcomes, with probabilities $p_1, \cdots , p_k$ (so that $p_i \geq 0$ for $i = 1, \cdots, k$ and the sum is $1$), and there are $n$ independent trials.
- Then if the random variables Xi indicate the number of times outcome number $i$ is observed over the $n$ trials, the vector $X = (X_1, \cdots , X_k)$ follows a multinomial distribution with parameters $n$ and $p$, where $p = (p_1, \cdots , p_k)$.
- There are $k$ possible outcomes for each trial.
- The probabilities of the $k$ outcomes, denoted by $p_1$, $p_2$, $\cdots$, $p_k$, remain the same from trial to trial, and they sum to one.
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The Sixth Amendment
- In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
- Largest Murder Trial in the History of the United States.
- Scene during Court Martial of 64 members of the 24th Infantry United States of America on trial for mutiny and murder of 17 people at Houston, Texas August 23, 1917.
- Trial held in Gift Chapel Fort Sam Houston.
- Trial started November 1, 1917, Brigadier General George K.
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The Trial Balance
- During the accounting cycle, a trial balance is prepared.
- The trial balance tests the equality of a company's debits and credits.
- The trial balance is usually prepared by a bookkeeper or accountant.
- Recording the balance of an account incorrectly in the trial balance.
- Then another trial balance is run.
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The Nuremberg Trials
- The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany in 1945 and 1946 at the Palace of Justice.
- The first and best known of these trials, described as "[t]he greatest trial in history" by Norman Birkett, one of the British judges who presided over it, was the trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT).
- The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the U.S.
- Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT); among the second set of trials were the Doctors' Trial and the Judges' Trial.
- The creation of the IMT was followed by trials of lesser Nazi officials and the trials of Nazi doctors, who performed experiments on people in prison camps.
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Summary of Functions
- X = the number of independent trials until the first success (count the failures and the first success)
- The mean µ is typically given. ( λ is often used as the mean instead of µ. ) When the Poisson is used to approximate the binomial, we use the binomial mean µ = np. n is the binomial number of trials. p = the probability of a success for each trial.
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The Scopes Trial
- The Scopes Trial of 1925 brought to national attention the debate over teaching evolution in public schools.
- The trial drew intense publicity and was followed by the press and on the radio throughout America.
- The trial had both short- and long-term effects 0n the teaching of science in United States schools.
- Though often upheld as a blow for the Fundamentalists, the Monkey Trial victory was not complete.
- Inherit the Wind, a 1960 film starring Spencer Tracy, dramatized the Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925.