United States Children's Bureau

Examples of United States Children's Bureau in the following topics:

• Progressives and the Working Class

  • Additionally, state laws were created to improve labor conditions.
  • Many states enacted factory inspection laws; by 1916, nearly two-thirds of the states required compensation for the victims in industrial accidents.
  • In 1903, Mary Harris Jones organized the Children's Crusade, a march of child workers from Kensington, Pennsylvania, to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt in Oyster Bay, New York, bringing national attention to the issue of child labor.
  • In 1912, the United States Children's Bureau was created in order to investigate "all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of our people. " An alliance of labor and humanitarian groups induced some state legislatures to grant aid to mothers with dependent children.
  • Under pressure from the National Child Labor Committee, nearly every state set a minimum age for employment and limited hours that employers could make children work.

• Maternalist Reform

  • The idea of a maternal public policy emerged in the United States following the landmark decision made by the Supreme Court of the United States in Muller v.
  • The Children's Bureau under Lathrop (1912-21) and her successors became an administrative unit that not only created child welfare policy but also led its implementation.
  • In 1921 the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act became the first federally funded social welfare measure in the United States.
  • The United States Children's Bureau worked extensively with state-level departments of health to advise them on how to use Sheppard-Towner funding.
  • There have been reforms in the United States that attempted to bring about a more maternalistic government with varying degrees of success.

• Toward a Welfare State

  • Maternalist reforms provided assistance for mothers and children, expanding the American welfare state.
  • One unique trend in the history of welfare in the United States were maternalist reforms.
  • The Children's Bureau was established by President William Howard Taft in 1912.
  • Lathrop, a noted maternalist reformer, was the first woman ever to head a government agency in the United States.
  • The Children's Bureau played a major role in the passage and administration of the Sheppard-Towner Act, the first federal grants-in-aid act for state-level children's health programs.

• Health Care in the U.S.

  • Healthcare in the United States is provided by many separate legal entities.
  • Health insurance is now primarily provided by the government in the public sector, with 60-65% of healthcare provision and spending coming from programs, such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, the Children's Health Insurance Program, and the Veterans Health Administration.
  • The United States is alone among developed nations with the notable absence of a universal healthcare system.
  • Currently, the United States has a higher infant mortality rate than most of the world's industrialized nations.
  • According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2009, there were 50.7 million people in the United States (16.7% of the population) who were without health insurance.

• The Freedmen's Bureau

  • The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was a U.S. federal government agency from 1865-1869 aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) during the Reconstruction era of the United States .
  • The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War, and became a key agency during Reconstruction.
  • Prior to the Civil War, no southern state had a system of universal state-supported public education.
  • The American Missionary Association was particularly active; establishing eleven colleges in southern states for the education of freedmen.
  • The Freedmen's Bureau aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) in 1865–1869, during the Reconstruction era of the United States.

• Child Care

  • If a parent or extended family is unable to care for the children, orphanages and foster homes are a way of providing for children's care, housing, and schooling.
  • State legislation may regulate the number and ages of children allowed before the home is considered an official daycare program and subject to more stringent safety regulations.
  • Each state has different regulations for teacher requirements.
  • States vary in other standards set for daycare providers, such as teacher to child ratios.
  • Analyze the different types of child care in the United States, from parental care to center-based care

• The Freed Slaves

  • White Democrats had regained political power in every Southern state.
  • Prior to the Civil War, no Southern state had a system of universal state-supported public education.
  • Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.
  • The schools for black children were consistently underfunded compared to schools for white children, even when considered within the strained finances of the postwar South.
  • Two children who were likely emancipated during the Civil War, circa 1870.

• Consumer Products

  • Examples of consumer products are music players, TVs, smart phones, designer clothing, children's toys, and handbags.
  • As an example, The United States Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), enacted in 1972 by Congress, has an extensive definition of consumer product: "any article, or component part thereof, produced or distributed (i) for sale to a consumer for use in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise, or (ii) for the personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise; but such term does not include— (A) any article which is not customarily produced or distributed for sale to, or use or consumption by, or enjoyment of, a consumer".
  • The act also established the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent agency of the US Federal Government and defined its basic authority.
  • These products may fall under the purview of agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration, the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the US Department of Agriculture, the US Department of Transportation, the US Environment Protection Agency, the US Federal Aviation Administration, and the US Coast Guard.

• The Decline of the Traditional Family

  • In the 1960s and 1970s, the change in the economic structure of the United States–-the inability to support a nuclear family on a single wage–-had significant ramifications on family life.
  • More than half of couples in the United States lived together, at least briefly, before walking down the aisle.
  • As of 2009, only two states in the United States recognized marriages between same-sex partners, Massachusetts and Iowa, where same-sex marriage was formally allowed as of May 17, 2004 and April 2009, respectively.
  • Individuals can also be "temporarily childless" or do not currently have children but want children in the future.
  • This figure shows that roughly 5% of households in the United States are made up of cohabiting couples of various types: heterosexual, gay, or, lesbian.

• Indian Resistance and Survival

  • Native American nations on the plains in the West continued armed conflicts with the United States throughout the 19th century through what were called generally "Indian Wars. " The Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) was one of the greatest Native American victories.
  • Bureau of the Census (1894), The Indian Wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number.
  • They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women, and children--including those killed in individual combats-- and the lives of about 30,000 Indians.
  • Census Bureau estimated that about 0.8% of the U.S. population was of American Indian or Alaska Native descent.