united nations

Examples of united nations in the following topics:

• Characteristics of the State

  • To understand the differences between state and nation, consider an example like Poland.
  • The people of Poland have long formed a nation with a shared language and culture, but that nation has, through history, been cross-cut by various political borders.
  • Today, Poland's boundaries roughly align with the geographical area where the people of the Polish nation live, and thus Poland can be thought of as a nation state.
  • The nation state is a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a nation as a sovereign territorial unit.
  • The term nation state implies that the two geographically coincide.

• Introduction to Nation-States

  • However, nationalists and, consequently, symbolic narratives of the origins and history of nation states often continue to exclude minorities from the nation state and the nation.
  • First, "Which came first, the nation or the nation state?"
  • Nation states use the state as an instrument of national unity, in economic, social, and cultural life.
  • The most obvious impact of the nation state, as compared to its non-national predecessors, is the creation of a uniform national culture through state policy.
  • The model of the nation state implies that its population constitutes a nation, united by a common descent, a common language and many forms of shared culture.

• Identity Formation

  • An example of national identity is the way in which Americans are united on the Fourth of July.
  • In celebrating national independence, one feels a connection to all other Americans.
  • Indeed, the holiday would make little sense if one did not possess a sense of national identity.
  • Further, national identity is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans are divided into groups called nations.
  • Members of a nation share a common identity and usually a common origin in their sense of ancestry, parentage, or descent.

• The Role of the Financial System

  • Saving mobilization: Obtaining funds from the savers or surplus units such as household individuals, business firms, public sector units, central government, state governments, etc. is an important role played by financial markets.
  • National Growth: An important role played by financial market is that, they contribute to a nation's growth by ensuring unfettered flow of surplus funds to deficit units.

• Relationships between variables

  • If homeownership is lower than the national average in one county, will the percent of multi-unit structures in that county likely be above or below the national average?
  • This example examines the relationship between home-ownership and the percent of units in multi-unit structures (e.g. apartments, condos), which is visualized using a scatterplot in Figure 1.9.
  • It appears that the larger the fraction of units in multi-unit structures, the lower the home-ownership rate.
  • Because there is a downward trend in Figure 1.9 - counties with more units in multi-unit structures are associated with lower home-ownership - these variables are said to be negatively associated.
  • A scatterplot of home-ownership versus the percent of units that are in multi-unit structures for all 3,143 counties.

• Classical Theory

  • Classical theory, the first modern school of economic thought, reoriented economics from individual interests to national interests.
  • It was not possible for a society to grow as a unit unless its members were committed to working together.
  • Classical theory reoriented economics away from individual interests to national interests.
  • Classical economics focuses on the growth in the wealth of nations and promotes policies that create national expansion.

• Absolute Advantage Versus Comparative Advantage

  • Absolute advantage refers to differences in productivity of nations, while comparative advantage refers to differences in opportunity costs.
  • Country A makes 6 units of food while Country B makes one unit, and Country A makes three units of clothing while Country B makes two.
  • The opportunity cost of producing 1 unit of clothing is 2 units of food in Country A, but only 0.5 units of food in Country B.

• Benefits of Specialization

  • However, specialization can have both positive and negative effects on a nation's economy.
  • By specializing and then trading, Britain can get a unit of wine for only 100 units of labor by trading cloth for labor instead of taking 110 units of labor to produce the wine itself (assuming the price of Cloth to Wine is 1).
  • Similarly, Portugal can specialize in wine and get a unit of cloth for only 80 units of labor by trading, instead of the 90 units of labor it would take to produce the cloth domestically.
  • As a whole, economists generally support specialization and trade between nations.

• Defining Comparative Advantage

  • Larger outputs of both products become available to both nations.
  • Imagine that there are two nations, Chiplandia and Entertainia, that currently produce their own computer chips and CD players .
  • The nations can benefit from specialization and trade, which would make the allocation of resources more efficient across both countries.
  • For another example, if the opportunity cost of producing one more unit of coffee in Brazil is 2/3 units of wheat, while the opportunity cost of producing one more unit of coffee in the United States is 1/3 wheat, then the U.S. should produce coffee, while Brazil should produce wheat (assuming Brazil has the lower opportunity cost of producing wheat).
  • Both nations can benefit from trade.

• Uniting Competing Factions Within the Party

  • Some have even contended that American parties have become more ideologically distinct in the last three decades as party leaders begin to express polarized opinions on national issues.
  • Parties unite these disparate viewpoints by developing party platforms that outline party positions on issues and the actions leaders will take to implement them if elected.
  • These votes present a majority view on how issues should be handled and how they can be used by the presidential candidate to unite divergent viewpoints under one popular view.
  • Platforms created during presidential nominating conventions unite diverse factions within a party by adopting middle-of-the-road positions on issues and addressing special interest groups in some sections.