toxic

Examples of toxic in the following topics:

• Organ Toxicity

  • The accumulation of antimicrobial drugs and their metabolic byproducts in organs can be toxic, leading to organ damage.
  • Two severe types of organ toxicity associated with antimicrobial drugs are nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, toxicity of the kidneys and liver respectively.
  • The liver and kidneys are common organs affected by chemical toxicity.
  • Some of the toxic effects can be more benign, as is the case with ototoxicity, or damage to the ear.
  • Outline the two major types of organ toxicity and their effects, recognizing additional types of toxicity

• Nitrospirae and Deferribacter

  • Because many of them are toxic, it is important to know something about this cycle.
  • Ammonia is both quite toxic and dangerous.
  • By a process known as nitrification, bacteria convert these waste products to less toxic forms.
  • First the ammonia is converted to nitrites by Nitrosomonas; this compound is still toxic.
  • Nitrates are much less toxic compared to ammonia and nitrite.

• Miscellaneous tips

• Anoxic Hydrocarbon Oxidation

  • Anoxic hydrocarbon oxidation can be used to degrade toxic hydrocarbons, such as crude oil, in anaerobic environments.
  • Crude oil contains aromatic compounds that are toxic to most forms of life.
  • Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of crude oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities.
  • Microbes may be used to degrade toxic hydrocarbons in anaerobic environments.

• Antibiotics and Selective Toxicity

  • The remainder must be tested for their selective toxicities and therapeutic activities, and the best candidates can be examined and possibly modified.
  • In antibacterial production, microorganisms must be isolated, cultured, and tested for growth inhibition of target organisms and for their selective toxicity.

• Nitrogenous Waste in Birds and Reptiles: Uric Acid

  • Birds and reptiles have evolved the ability to convert toxic ammonia into uric acid or guanine rather than urea.
  • Nitrogenous wastes tend to form toxic ammonia, which raises the pH of body fluids.
  • While aquatic animals can easily excrete ammonia into their watery surroundings, terrestrial animals have evolved special mechanisms to eliminate the toxic ammonia from their systems.
  • Birds, reptiles, and most terrestrial arthropods, such as insects, are called uricothelic organisms because they convert toxic ammonia to uric acid or the closely-related compound guanine (guano), rather than urea.
  • Uric acid is also less toxic than ammonia or urea.

• Hidden poisons

  • The average television, for example, contains 4,000 toxic chemicals (200 of which emit hazardous fumes when the TV is turned on) and many buildings are insulated with formaldehyde-laden particleboard that heavily pollutes indoor air.
  • If that isn't enough, of the over 8,000 chemicals used to dye clothes and fabric, less than 0.004% are actually considered non-toxic.

• Liver Function

  • The liver breaks down or modifies toxic substances, such as alcohol , and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism.
  • This sometimes results in toxication, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor.

• RNA Regulation and Antisense RNA

  • The hok gene is a toxic gene and the sok gene is an antitoxin.
  • The hok gene is a toxic gene that can be translationally repressed by the production of an antisense mRNA, sok (anti toxic).

• Pharmacogenomics, Toxicogenomics, and Metagenomics

  • Studying changes in gene expression could provide information about the transcription profile in the presence of the drug, which can be used as an early indicator of the potential for toxic effects.
  • Genome-wide studies can also help to find new genes involved in drug toxicity.
  • Personal genome sequence information can be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on the basis of the individual patient's genotype.