Toleration Act

Examples of Toleration Act in the following topics:

• Maryland

  • The Calvert family recruited Catholic aristocrats and Protestant settlers for Maryland, luring them with generous land grants and a policy of religious toleration.
  • In 1649, Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, a law mandating religious tolerance for Christians.
  • Passed by the assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the first law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies.
  • Although Maryland was an early pioneer of religious toleration in the English colonies, religious strife among Anglicans, Puritans, Catholics, and Quakers was common in the early years.
  • Full religious toleration would not be restored in Maryland until the American Revolution.

• Clonal Selection and Tolerance

  • The concept of central tolerance was proposed in 1959 as part of a general theory of immunity and tolerance.
  • It was hypothesized that it is the age of the lymphocyte that defines whether an antigen that is encountered will induce tolerance, with immature lymphocytes being tolerance sensitive.
  • Central tolerance is distinct from periphery tolerance in that it occurs while cells are still present in the primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone-marrow), prior to export into the periphery.
  • Peripheral tolerance is generated after the cells reach the periphery.
  • Regulatory T cells can be considered both central tolerance and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, as they can be generated from self (or foreign)-reactive T cells in the thymus during T cell differentiation.

• Louis XIV and the Huguenots

  • The Edict treated some, although not all, Protestants with tolerance and opened a path for secularism.
  • Additionally, government officials could not be excommunicated for acts committed in pursuance of their duties.
  • By his edict, Louis no longer tolerated Protestant groups, pastors, or churches to exist in France.
  • The experiment of religious toleration in Europe was effectively ended for the time being.
  • However, French society would sufficiently change by the time of Louis' descendant, Louis XVI, to welcome toleration in the form of the 1787 Edict of Versailles, also known as the Edict of Tolerance.

• The Demographics of the Middle Colonies

  • The Middle Colonies were more ethnically diverse than elsewhere in British North America and were somewhat more socially tolerant.
  • Once colonization had begun, the Middle Colonies were more ethnically diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant.
  • The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 was the first attempt to abolish slavery in the colonies and what would become the United States.

• Chinese Exclusion and Chinese Rights

  • The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by Chester A.
  • During the early stages of the gold rush, when surface gold was plentiful, the Chinese were tolerated, if not well-received.
  • The Act also affected Asians who had already settled in the United States.
  • The Scott Act (1888) expanded upon the Chinese Exclusion Act, prohibiting reentry after leaving the U.S.
  • The Act was renewed for ten years by the 1892 Geary Act , and again with no terminal date in 1902.

• Protecting the Environment

  • A slew of laws were enacted to control pollution, including the 1963 Clean Air Act, the 1972 Clean Water Act, and the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act.
  • The EPA sets and enforces tolerable limits of pollution, and it establishes timetables to bring polluters into line with standards; since most of the requirements are of recent origin, industries are given reasonable time, often several years, to conform to standards.
  • Congress passed important amendments to the Clean Air Act, and they were signed into law by President George Bush (1989-1993).

• Biofilms, Persisters, and Antibiotic Tolerance

  • Biofilms and persisters are bacterial communities responsible for chronic diseases and antibiotic tolerance.
  • Persisters are multidrug tolerant cells present in all bacterial populations.
  • Persisters are not mutants, but rather phenotypic variants of the wild-type that upon inoculation produce a culture with similar levels of tolerance.
  • Biofilms and persisters are the cause of multidrug tolerance.
  • Explain the role of biofilms and persisters in multidrug tolerance, distinguishing this from multidrug resistance

• Analgesia: Relief from Pain

  • The exact mechanism of action of paracetamol/acetaminophen is uncertain, but it appears to be acting centrally rather than peripherally (in the brain rather than in nerve endings).
  • Tramadol is structurally closer to venlafaxine than to codeine and delivers analgesia by not only delivering "opiate-like" effects (through mild agonism of the mu receptor), but also by acting as a weak but fast-acting serotonin releasing agent and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
  • Dosing of all opioids may be limited by opioid toxicity (confusion, respiratory depression, myoclonic jerks, and pinpoint pupils) and seizures (tramadol), but there is no dose ceiling in patients who accumulate tolerance.
  • When used appropriately, opioids and similar narcotic analgesics are otherwise safe and effective; however, risks such as addiction and the body becoming used to the drug (tolerance) can occur.
  • The effect of tolerance means that frequent use of the drug may result in its diminished effect so, when safe to do so, the dosage may need to be increased to maintain effectiveness.

• Narcotics

  • Controlled Substances Act (CSA); however they are chemically not narcotics.
  • With repeated use of narcotics, tolerance and dependence develop.
  • The development of tolerance is characterized by a shortened duration and a decreased intensity of analgesia, euphoria and sedation, which creates the need to administer progressively larger doses to attain the desired effect.
  • Tolerance does not develop uniformly for all actions of these drugs, giving rise to a number of toxic effects.
  • Although the lethal dose is increased significantly in tolerant users, there is always a dose at which death can occur from respiratory depression.

• Culture and Ethics

  • They act as prescriptions for correct and moral behavior, lend meaning and coherence to life, and provide a means of achieving a sense of integrity, safety, and belonging.
  • Cultural relativism is also considered more tolerant than universalism because, if there is no basis for making moral judgments between cultures, then cultures have to be tolerant of each other.