termination

Examples of termination in the following topics:

• American Indian Relocation

  • Some tribes may have had a formal termination agreement approved, but they were successful at warding off termination until repudiation, or terms of their agreement were unmet.
  • Other tribes were approved for termination, but were successful in testifying before Congress that they should not be terminated.
  • This helped non-terminated tribes, but terminated tribal children were not allowed to apply for these funds.
  • Over one hundred tribes were terminated during the termination policy era.
  • Kennedy's administration did oversee some of the last terminations.

• EMF and Terminal Voltage

  • The voltage output of a device is measured across its terminals and is called its terminal voltage V.
  • Terminal voltage is given by the equation:
  • I is positive if current flows away from the positive terminal.
  • The larger the current, the smaller the terminal voltage.
  • (Note that the script E stands for emf. ) Also shown are the output terminals across which the terminal voltage V is measured.

• DNA Sequencing Based on Sanger Dideoxynucleotides

  • The classical chain-termination method requires a single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, normal deoxynucleotidetriphosphates (dNTPs), and modified nucleotides (dideoxyNTPs) that terminate DNA strand elongation .
  • Chain-termination methods have greatly simplified DNA sequencing.
  • More recently, dye-terminator sequencing has been developed.
  • Dye-terminator sequencing utilizes labelling of the chain terminator ddNTPs, which permits sequencing in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method.
  • In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four dideoxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with fluorescent dyes, each of which emit light at different wavelengths .

• Terminations

  • Terminations can occur in a variety of methods, both voluntary and involuntary.
  • The type of termination will determine the employee's future relationship (or lack of) with the employer.
  • A less severe form of involuntary termination is often referred to as a layoff.
  • Some terminations occur as a result of mutual agreement between the employer and employee.
  • When this happens, it is sometimes debatable if the termination was truly mutual.

• Elongation and Termination in Prokaryotes

  • Transcription elongation begins with the release of the polymerase σ subunit and terminates via the rho protein or via a stable hairpin.
  • Depending on the gene being transcribed, there are two kinds of termination signals: one is protein-based and the other is RNA-based.
  • Rho-dependent termination is controlled by the rho protein, which tracks along behind the polymerase on the growing mRNA chain.
  • Rho-independent termination is controlled by specific sequences in the DNA template strand.
  • Upon termination, the process of transcription is complete.

• Third Declension

  • Adjectives of three terminations in the Nominative Singular,—one for each gender.

• Acidity of Terminal Alkynes

  • Such a base is sodium amide (NaNH2), discussed above, and its reactions with terminal alkynes may be conducted in liquid ammonia or ether as solvents.
  • This factor clearly limits the usefulness of Grignard or lithium reagents when a terminal triple bond is present, as in equation 2.
  • The acidity of terminal alkynes also plays a role in product determination when vicinal (or geminal) dihalides undergo base induced bis-elimination reactions.
  • If the very strong base sodium amide is used, the terminal alkyne is trapped as its sodium salt, from which it may be released by mild acid treatment.
  • The resulting allenic carbanions undergo rapid proton transfer equilibria, leading to the relatively stable terminal alkyne conjugate base.

• Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization

  • The most common termination processes are Radical Combination and Disproportionation.
  • Note that in both types of termination two reactive radical sites are removed by simultaneous conversion to stable product(s).
  • Since the concentration of radical species in a polymerization reaction is small relative to other reactants (e.g. monomers, solvents and terminated chains), the rate at which these radical-radical termination reactions occurs is very small, and most growing chains achieve moderate length before termination.
  • The relative importance of these terminations varies with the nature of the monomer undergoing polymerization.
  • However, methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate are terminated chiefly by disproportionation.

• Attenuation

  • The process of attenuation involves the presence of a stop signal that indicates premature termination.
  • Transcription-attenuation is characterized by the presence of 5'-cis acting regulatory regions that fold into alternative RNA structures which can terminate transcription.
  • These RNA structures dictate whether transcription will proceed successfully or be terminated early, specifically, by causing transcription-attenuation.
  • The result is a misfolded RNA structure where the Rho-independent terminator disrupts transcription and produced a non-functional RNA product.
  • The other RNA structure produced will be an anti-terminator that allows transcription to proceed .

• Termination of the Signal Cascade

  • The aberrant signaling often seen in tumor cells is proof that the termination of a signal at the appropriate time can be just as important as the initiation of a signal.
  • One method of terminating or stopping a specific signal is to degrade or remove the ligand so that it can no longer access its receptor.
  • Describe the process by which the signal cascade in cell communication is terminated