Examples of taxation without representation in the following topics:
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- "No Taxation without Representation" was the rallying cry of the colonists who were forced to pay the stamp, sugar, and tea taxes.
- "No taxation without representation," a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the British Colonists in the 13 colonies, was one of the major causes of the American Revolution .
- However, during the time of the American Revolution, only 1 in 20 British citizens had representation in parliament, none of whom were part of the colonies.
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- The American colonies were unique due to the representation of many different interest groups in political decision-making.
- However the growing strength of republicanism created a political ethos that resisted imperial taxation without local consent.
- Led by Virginia, the Southern Colonies resisted the British policy of taxation without representation, and they supported the American Revolution, sending wealthy planters like George Washington—to lead the armies—and Thomas Jefferson—to declare the principles of independence, as well as thousands of ordinary people to form armies.
- Republicanism provided the framework for colonial resistance to British schemes of taxation after 1763, which escalated into the American Revolution.
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- Calls for the Act's repeal began almost immediately, and protests against the Sugar Act at first focused more on the economic impact rather than the constitutional issue of taxation without representation.
- The theoretical issue that would soon hold center stage was the matter of taxation without representation.
- The counter to this argument, held by members of Parliament, was the theory of virtual representation.
- Thomas Whately explained this theory in a pamphlet that readily acknowledged there could be no taxation without consent; however, he argued that at least 75% of British adult males were not represented in Parliament because of property qualifications or other factors.
- The colonists enjoyed actual representation in their own legislative assemblies, and the issue was whether these legislatures, rather than Parliament, were in fact the sole recipients of the colonists' consent with regard to taxation.
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- To protect the rights of colonists, delegates of the Stamp Act Congress drafted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, declaring that taxes imposed on British colonists without their formal consent were unconstitutional.
- only the colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies (no taxation without representation),
- The resolves claimed that, in accordance with long established British law, Virginia was subject to taxation only by a parliamentary assembly to which Virginians themselves elected representatives.
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- Colonial uprising following the direct taxation on printed materials led to the first joint colonial response to British measures.
- The theoretical issue that would soon hold center stage was the matter of taxation without representation.
- The counter to this argument was the theory of virtual representation.
- Thomas Whately enunciated this theory in a pamphlet that readily acknowledged that there could be no taxation without consent, but the facts were that at least 75% of British adult males were not represented in Parliament because of property qualifications or other factors.
- The colonists enjoyed actual representation in their own legislative assemblies, and the issue was whether these legislatures, rather than Parliament, were in fact the sole recipients of the colonists' consent with regard to taxation.
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- In part, the agreement defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the US Constitution.
- It called for a bicameral legislature along with proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states.This agreement led to the Three-Fifths Compromise, which meant less populous Southern states were allowed to count three-fifths of all non-free people toward population counts and allocations.
- Thus, Article V of the US Constitution, ratified in 1788, prohibited any constitutional amendments before 1808 which would affect the foreign slave trade, the tax on slave trade, or the direct taxation on provisions of the constitution.
- Also, no amendment may affect the equal representation of states in the Senate without a state's consent.
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- One of the most contentious slavery-related questions was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation in Congress, or if they would be considered property and therefore exempt from representation.
- Delegates from states with large populations of slaves argued that slaves should be considered as people in determining representation.
- Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued the opposite: that slaves should be included in taxation but not in determining representation.
- While the original amendment to the Articles of Confederation had failed, the Three-Fifths Compromise was passed without extensive debate in the forming of the new Constitution.
- In exchange for this concession, provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market would strengthen the federal government's power to regulate foreign commerce.
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- However, this more perfect Union was not without wrinkles.
- The first area of major dispute was how representation would be apportioned in the bicameral legislature.
- Small states felt that all states were equal in stature and that if Congressional representation were based upon population, they would be outvoted on everything.
- Another contentious slavery-related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress, or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation.
- Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation, but not in determining representation.
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- In the United States, Congress has the power to tax as stated in The United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1: "The Congress shall have the Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States. " This power was reinforced in the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution: "The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on income, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration."
- This type of taxation is referred to as progressive taxation because the tax liability increases in proportion to income.
- Sales tax is a form of regressive taxation; the liability is based on the percentage of income consumed, which is higher for low income earners.
- Explain the role of taxation with respect to consumer and firm behavior