Examples of systems theory in the following topics:
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- World Systems Theory posits that there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited.
- World Systems Theory, like dependency theory, suggests that wealthy countries benefit from other countries and exploit those countries' citizens.
- In contrast to dependency theory, however, this model recognizes the minimal benefits that are enjoyed by low status countries in the world system.
- The theory originated with sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, who suggests that the way a country is integrated into the capitalist world system determines how economic development takes place in that country.
- Produce a map of the world that shows some countries as core, peripheral, and semi-peripheral according to Wallerstein's theory
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- One of the most widely applied theories of childhood is Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
- In 1979, psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner published The Ecology of Human Development, setting forth his theory known as ecological systems theory.
- Also called development in context theory or human ecology theory, the ecology systems theory specifies five different types of nested environmental systems: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem.
- Each of these systems exerts influence on an individual, particularly children as they are robustly socialized.
- Contrast the various theories of childhood development, such as Freud's psychosexual theory, Piaget's stages of development and ecological systems theory
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- Frederick Taylor developed this theory in an effort to develop a "science" for every job within an organization (Taylorism).
- Hertzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory attempts to uncover psychological needs of employees and enhance employee satisfaction.
- In regards to this theory employers are encouraged to design jobs that enhance and motivate employees beyond simply meeting a daily or weekly quota.
- This theory highlights the importance of rewards systems and monitoring when and how employees are rewarded.
- Simple recognition is often enough to motivate employees and increase job satisfaction (Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory).
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- The classical theory of motivation includes the hierarchy of needs from Abraham Maslow and the two-factor theory from Frederick Herzberg.
- Maslow and the two-factor theory from Frederick Irving Herzberg.
- Maslow's theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation .
- The theory is sometimes called the "Motivator-Hygiene Theory" or "The Dual Structure Theory. " Herzberg's theory has found application in such occupational fields as information systems and in studies of user satisfaction.
- Maslow's theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation.
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- Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
- Like the James–Lange and Cannon–Bard theories, the Schachter–Singer theory of emotion (also known as the two-factor theory) attempts to explain emotion as it relates to physiological arousal.
- For example, if you were to see a venomous snake in your backyard, the Schachter–Singer theory argues that the snake would elicit sympathetic nervous system activation (physiological arousal) that would be cognitively labeled as fear (cognition) based on the context.
- Contrary to the James–Lange theory, therefore, which asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal, this theory argues that bodily changes can support conscious emotional experiences but do not necessarily cause them.
- Describe the relationship between the "two factors" of two-factor theory, also known as Schachter–Singer theory
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- According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, emotions arise from physiological arousal.
- Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain.
- For example, if you were to encounter a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system (responsible for activating your fight-or-flight response) would initiate physiological arousal, making your heart race and increasing your breathing rate.
- To address these limitations, other theories—such as the Cannon–Bard theory—have been developed.
- Describe the relationship between emotion and arousal according to the James–Lange theory
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- Theories of motivation are of course rooted in psychology.
- There are two main cognition-oriented theories: equity theory and expectancy theory.
- Equity Theory is based on the basic concept of exchange.
- Essentially, Expectation Theory and Equity Theory demonstrate the value of rewarding an employee's investment of time and effort with appropriate compensation.
- Behaviorism stipulates that an employer should promote positive behavior and deter negative behavior, generally through a basic rewards system.
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- Classical theory was the first modern school of economic thought.
- During the period in which classical theory emerged, society was undergoing many changes.
- The primary economic question involved how a society could be organized around a system in which every individual sought his own monetary gain.
- Classical theory reoriented economics away from individual interests to national interests.
- Adam Smith was one of the individuals who helped establish classical economic theory.
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- There are many theories of social change.
- Political Process Theory, sometimes also known as the Political Opportunity Theory,is an approach to social movements heavily influenced by political sociology.
- In this case, the idea is that certain members of society feel like they are being mistreated or that somehow the system they are a part of is unjust .
- Finally, "political opportunity" refers to the receptivity or vulnerability of the existing political system to challenge.
- Critics of the political process theory and resource-mobilization theory point out that neither theory discusses the culture of movements to any great degree.
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- According to state-centered theories of inequality, the government should regulate the distribution of resources to protect workers.
- In contrast to market-oriented theories of inequality, state-centered theories do not assert that the capitalist free-market will naturally regulate prices and wages.
- Socialism is an economic and political system in which the state owns the majority industry, but resources are allocated based on a combination of natural rights and individual achievements.
- Socialism includes a combination of public and private property, while under communist systems all property is publicly held and administered by the state.
- A socialist economic system would consist of an organisation of production to directly satisfy economic demands and human needs.