Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I)

Examples of Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) in the following topics:

• The George H.W. Bush Administration

  • Another summit was held in July of 1991, when the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) was signed by Bush and Gorbachev in Moscow.
  • The treaty was nine years in the making and was the first major arms agreement since the signing of the Intermediate Ranged Nuclear Forces Treaty by Reagan and Gorbachev in 1987.
  • The intention of START was to reduce the United States' and Soviet Union's strategic nuclear weapons by about 35% over seven years, as well as reduce the Soviet Union's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles by 50%.
  • -Russia strategic partnership, marking the official end of the Cold War.
  • The treaty has since been defended as well as criticized.

• The End of the Cold War

  • During 1987 summit meetings, Reagan and Gorbachev agreed to nuclear arms reductions, ushering in the end of the decades-long Cold War.
  • However, the size of the Soviet armed forces was not necessarily the result of a simple action-reaction arms race with the United States.
  • Instead, Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments can be understood as both a cause and effect of the deep-seated structural problems in the Soviet system, which accumulated at least a decade of economic stagnation during the Brezhnev years.
  • On the third meeting, Gorbachev and Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at the White House, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons.
  • The two leaders laid the framework for the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, or START I; Reagan insisted that the name of the treaty be changed from Strategic Arms Limitation Talks to Strategic Arms Reduction Talks.

• Attempts at Disarmament

  • In the aftermath of World War I, many international efforts leading to disarmament were undertaken but they all eventually failed to achieve their stated goal.
  • After World War I, many attempts at disarmament, or the reduction or abolition of the military forces and weapons of a nation, emerged worldwide.
  • Historians writing in the 1930s began to emphasize the fast-paced arms race preceding the outbreak of World War I.
  • A one-year moratorium on the expansion of armaments, later extended by a few months, was proposed at the start of the conference.
  • In fact, League members themselves re-armed.

• Détente and Human Rights

  • This ultimately led to the signing of the treaty in 1972.
  • In the same year that SALT I was signed, the Biological Weapons Convention and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty were also concluded.
  • A follow up treaty, SALT II was discussed but was never ratified by the United States.
  • The SALT II pact of the late 1970s built on the work of the SALT I talks, ensuring further reduction in arms by the Soviets and by the US .
  • President Nixon and Premier Brezhnev lead in the high period of détente, signing treaties such as SALT I and the Helsinki Accords.

• The President

  • They are the commanders in chief of the armed forces; they decide how and when to wage war.
  • As America' chief diplomat, the president has the power to make treaties to be approved by the Senate.
  • The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces and as such has broad authority over the armed forces.
  • After the bombing campaign started, Obama sent Congress a letter contending that as Commander-in-Chief he had constitutional authority for the attacks.
  • Wilson had disagreements with Congress over how the peace treaty ending World War I should be handled.

• The Peace of Utrecht

  • To counter Louis XIV's growing dominance, England, the Dutch Republic, and Austria – together with their allies in the Holy Roman Empire – re-formed the Grand Alliance (1701) and supported Emperor Leopold I's claim to the Spanish inheritance for his second son, Archduke Charles.
  • The Congress of Utrecht, opened in January 1712, followed but it had not been accompanied by an armistice (only in August did Britain, Savoy, France, and Spain agree to a general suspension of arms).
  • The treaty, which was in fact a series of separate treaties, secured Britain's main war aims: Louis XIV's acknowledgement of the Protestant succession in England and safeguards to ensure that the French and Spanish thrones remained separate.
  • After the signing of the Utrecht treaties, the French continued to be at war with the Holy Roman Empire until 1714, when hostilities ended with the treaties of Rastatt and Baden.
  • With neither Charles VI nor Philip V willing to accept the Spanish partition, and with no treaty existing between Spain and Austria, the two powers would soon clash in order to gain control of Italy, starting with a brief war in 1718.

• Policy in the Middle East

  • While President Obama sharply reduced U.S. military commitments in Iraq and Afghanistan, armed conflicts still continue.
  • He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February of 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan," an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires."
  • This elicited another military response from the United States and its allies, and the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue.
  • Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of bin Laden in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
  • Other Pakistani militant groups, including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, also vowed retaliation against the U.S. and against Pakistan for not preventing the operation.

• American Isolationism

  • Although the United States was unwilling to commit to the League of Nations, they continued to engage in international negotiations and treaties.
  • Such activities had played a role in American entrance into World War I.
  • On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland; Britain and France subsequently declared war on Germany, marking the start of World War II.
  • Non-interventionists rooted a significant portion of their arguments in historical precedent, citing events such as Washington's farewell address and the failure of World War I.
  • The first came in 1939 with the passage of the Fourth Neutrality Act, which permitted the United States to trade arms with belligerent nations, as long as these nations came to America to retrieve the arms, and pay for them in cash.

• William of Orange and the Grand Alliance

  • The King of Spain, Charles II, had no prospect of having children and among his closest relatives were Louis XIV and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.
  • England and the Dutch Republic had their own commercial, strategic, and political interests within the Spanish empire and they were eager to return to peaceful commerce.
  • The French conveniently ignored the Second Partition Treaty and claimed the entire Spanish inheritance.
  • Anne, Mary II's younger sister and William's sister-in-law through his marriage to Mary, ascended to the British throne and at once assured the Privy Council of her two main aims: the maintenance of the Protestant succession and the reduction of the power of France.
  • By the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) and of the Treaty of Rastatt (1714), the Spanish empire was partitioned between the major and minor powers.

• A Grinding War Against Iran

  • The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran refers to the Allied invasion of Iran during World War II by Soviet and British armed forces.
  • The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran refers to the Allied invasion of Iran during World War II by Soviet and British armed forces.
  • Although Reza Shah Pahlavi had declared Iran's neutrality in World War II, to the British and the Soviets, Iran was a country of strategic importance.
  • Final diplomatic notes, declaring that the invasion was starting, were delivered by the Soviet and British ambassadors during the night of the invasion.
  • The new Shah signed a Treaty of Alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union in January 1942, under which Iran provided nonmilitary assistance to the Allied war effort.