State-Oriented Approach

Examples of State-Oriented Approach in the following topics:

• Evaluating Global Theories of Inequality

  • Occupy Wall Street protesters approach inequality from a social justice perspective that holds that all Americans deserve equal life chances and have been denied them by market-oriented approaches to economic regulation (or lack thereof).
  • Occupy Wall Street protesters approach inequality from a social justice perspective that holds that all Americans deserve equal life chances and have been denied them by market-oriented approaches to economic regulation (or lack thereof).
  • Functionalists are likely to embrace market-oriented approaches to inequality, on the basis that a free market will result in prices that benefit the smooth-functioning and growth of economies.
  • These thinkers are likely to support state-oriented approaches to regulating inequality, with governments instating policies to equally distribute opportunities and resources.
  • Interactionists recognize global inequality, but consider it only in the context of individual relations and, therefore, see no role for state intervention.

• Perspectives on Motivation

  • The most well-known example of a needs-oriented theory of motivation is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
  • For example, a salesman with a quota to fulfill would be best paired with an achievement-oriented manager, as such a goal-oriented approach toward, for example, a specific number of sales would be highly motivating.
  • There are two main cognition-oriented theories: equity theory and expectancy theory.
  • Expectancy Theory is similarly derived, but it states this relationship through an equation: Motivation = Expectation (Σ Instrumentality × Valence).
  • The underlying concept of behavioral approaches to motivation is rooted in theories of "conditioning," particularly the work of psychologist B.F.

• Transactional Versus Transformational Leaders

  • Transactional leaders are concerned about the status quo, while transformational leaders are more change-oriented.
  • While transactional leadership operates within existing boundaries of processes, structures, and goals, transformational leadership challenges the current state and is change-oriented.
  • Transactional leaders are task- and outcome-oriented.
  • A transformational approach focuses on individual strengths and weaknesses of employees and on enhancing their capabilities and their commitment to organizational goals, often by seeking their buy-in for decisions.
  • Differentiate between transactional leaders and transformational leaders in a full-range approach, particularly from a behavioral perspective

• Product Orientation

  • Similar to production orientation, the product orientation of marketing focuses solely on the product a company intends to sell.
  • This orientation was popular during the 1950s and into the 1960s.
  • This approach stresses the research and development of products and the continuous evolution during their life cycles , in order to maintain the attention of potential customers.
  • The premises implicit in this orientation include:
  • The main task of an organization utilizing the product orientation approach is to continue improving quality and reducing costs as key factors in the fight to maintain and attract customers.

• Leadership Model: University of Michigan

  • A multitude of approaches have been used to identify and explain the complex factors that shape leadership and how it is practiced.
  • Studies dating back to the 1950s identified two broad leadership styles: an employee orientation and a production orientation.
  • The studies also identified three critical characteristics of effective leaders: task-oriented behavior, relationship-oriented behavior, and participative leadership.
  • The studies concluded that an employee orientation rather than a production orientation, coupled with general instead of close supervision, led to better results.
  • The Michigan leadership studies, along with the Ohio State University studies that took place in the 1940s, are two of the best-known behavioral leadership studies and continue to be cited to this day.

• Selling Orientation

  • As opposed to production or product orientation, a sales orientation focuses primarily on the selling and promotion of a particular product.
  • As opposed to production orientation or product orientation, a firm using a sales orientation focuses primarily on the selling and promotion of a particular product.
  • Approaching marketing with a selling orientation was popular for companies in the 1950s and 1960s.
  • A marketing orientation centered around sales represented a major milestone in modern business.
  • Effective selling requires a systems approach, at minimum involving roles that sell, enable selling, and develop sales capabilities.

• The History of the Marketing Concept

  • An orientation, in the marketing context, related to a perception or attitude, a firm holds towards its product or service, essentially concerns consumers and end-users.
  • The marketing orientation evolved from earlier orientations; namely, the production orientation, the product orientation and the selling orientation.
  • A production orientation may be deployed when a high demand for a product or service exists, coupled with a good certainty that consumer tastes will not rapidly alter (similar to the sales orientation).
  • Product: quality of the product until the 1960s; a firm employing a product orientation is chiefly concerned with the quality of its own product.
  • Marketing: needs and wants of customers 1970 to present day; the marketing orientation is perhaps the most common orientation used in contemporary marketing.

• Marketing Orientation

  • As stated by Bernard J.
  • Despite organizations' move from product-oriented to sales-oriented strategies, customers were still excluded from the product development process.
  • Competitive analysis is also a significant component of market orientation.
  • As stated, the most important focus in a market-orientated business is the customer.
  • Similar to a production-oriented company, one of the primary goals of marketing-oriented or customer-oriented businesses is long-term profitability.

• Body-Oriented Psychotherapies

  • Body-oriented psychotherapies focus on the importance of working with the body in the treatment of mental health issues.
  • In addition to the more common forms of psychotherapy (including humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic approaches), there are several alternative, body-oriented therapies that serve specific purposes.
  • Body-oriented therapies, also referred to as body psychotherapies, are based on the principles of somatic psychology, which involves the study of the body, somatic experience, and the embodied self, including therapeutic and holistic approaches to the body.
  • The therapy uses an eight-phase approach that includes having the patient recall distressing images while receiving one of several types of bilateral sensory input, such as side-to-side eye movements.
  • A review of body-oriented therapy research finds there is a small but growing empirical-evidence base about the outcomes of these approaches; however, it is weakened by the fragmentation of the field into different branches and schools.

• Leadership Model: The Ohio State University

  • Trait theories of leadership were the first to approach leadership study systematically.
  • This behavior is oriented towards interpersonal relationships, mutual trust, and affiliation.
  • This dimension of leadership style is people-oriented.
  • This leadership style is task-oriented.
  • Discuss the results of the Ohio State University Leadership Model research study of 1945