state of nature

Examples of state of nature in the following topics:

• Thomas Hobbes

  • In it, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments and creating an objective science of morality.
  • Beginning from a mechanistic understanding of human beings and the passions, Hobbes postulates what life would be like without government, a condition which he calls the state of nature.
  • His' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a "state of nature."
  • He argued that the essential natural (human) right was "to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own Nature; that is to say, of his own Life (...)."
  • In his natural state, man's life consisted entirely of liberties and not at all of laws, which leads to the world of chaos created by unlimited rights.

• Natural Rights

  • At the time, natural rights developed as part of the social contract theory that addressed the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. 
  • Thomas Hobbes' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a "state of nature."
  • In his natural state, according to Hobbes, man's life consisted entirely of liberties and not at all of laws.
  • The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise, when he introduces the state of nature.
  • Portrait of John Locke, by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Britain, 1697, State Hermitage Museum, St.

• Head of State

  • The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States.
  • The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States.
  • Heads of state in most countries are natural persons holding an office, however in some countries the head of state position is held by a body of persons .
  • Even in presidential systems the head of state often formally reports to the legislature on the present national status, e.g. the State of the Union address in the United States of America.
  • George Washington, the first President of the United States, set the precedent for an executive head of state in republican systems of government.

• Types of Natural Resources

  • Natural resource economics focuses on the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth's natural resources.
  • It's goal is to gain a better understanding of the role of natural resources in the economy.
  • There are numerous ways to classify the types of natural resources, they include the source of origin, the state of development, and the renewability of the resources.
  • The government and individual states determine how resources must be used and they monitor the availability and status of the resources.
  • The act has been revised over the years to continue to protect the quality of the air and health of the public in the United States.

• Basic Economics of Natural Resources

  • Natural resource economics focuses on the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth's natural resources.
  • The main objective of natural resource economics is to gain a better understanding of the role of natural resources in the economy.
  • Extraction: the process of withdrawing resources from nature.
  • Protection: the preservation of natural resources for the future.
  • Protection policies state the necessary actions internationally, nationally, and individually that must take place to control natural resource depletion that is a result of human activity.

• Emergency Powers

  • The president of the United States, as head of the executive branch, has the authority to declare a federal state of emergency.
  • Such declarations usually come during a time of natural or man-made disaster, periods of civil unrest, or following a declaration of war or situation of international or internal armed conflict.
  • This is common at the state level in response to natural disasters.
  • The president of the United States, as head of the executive branch, has the authority to declare a federal state of emergency.
  • Under this act, the president may also deploy troops as a police force during a natural disaster, epidemic, serious public health emergency, terrorist attack, or other condition, when the president determines that the authorities of the state are incapable of maintaining public order.

• The 14th Amendment

  • All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
  • No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
  • But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
  • No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.
  • But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

• State-Centered Theories

  • According to state-centered theories of inequality, the government should regulate the distribution of resources to protect workers.
  • This latter period reflects a belief in state-centered theories of inequality, as the state sought to regulate the economy to reduce the exploitation of workers.
  • In contrast to market-oriented theories of inequality, state-centered theories do not assert that the capitalist free-market will naturally regulate prices and wages.
  • Socialism is an economic and political system in which the state owns the majority industry, but resources are allocated based on a combination of natural rights and individual achievements.
  • This map of all states to declare themselves officially socialist at some point in history illustrates the spread of state-centered theories of inequality.

• Special Considerations for Acquisition and Depletion of Natural Resources

  • In notes to its financial statements, Kerr-McGee states that the company's geologists and engineers in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission definitions have prepared estimates of proved reserves.
  • Depletion is the exhaustion that results from the physical removal of a part of a natural resource.
  • In each accounting period, the depletion recognized is an estimate of the cost of the natural resource that was removed from its natural setting during the period.
  • Then assign this total cost to either the cost of natural resources sold or the inventory of the natural resource still on hand.
  • Carson Fall in Mount Kinabalu, Malaysia is an example of an undisturbed natural resource.

• Natural Resource Market

  • Natural resources are a fundamental part of the production process, as these goods make up the basis of any manufactured product.
  • Below are some methods of acquiring different natural resources for production.
  • Some natural resources that are components of the production process are not sold, but are public goods.
  • As time has progressed, people have learned that some means of use of public goods in production processes can degrade certain natural resources.
  • In the United States, the principal regulator of commodity and futures markets is the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).