Spirit of Locarno

Examples of Spirit of Locarno in the following topics:

• Attempts at Disarmament

  • The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated in Locarno, Switzerland (October 5 - October 16, 1925), in which the Western European Allied powers and the new states of East-Central Europe sought to secure the post-World War I territorial settlement and normalize relations with defeated Germany (at the time referred to as Weimar Republic).
  • Ratifications for the Locarno treaties were exchanged in Geneva on 14 September 1926 and on the same day they became effective.
  • The principal treaty concluded at Locarno was the Rhineland Pact between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy.
  • The Kellogg-Briand Pact was more of a sign of good intentions on the part of the US, rather than a legitimate step towards the sustenance of world peace.
  • Summarize the treaties resulting from the Washington Naval Conference, the Spirit of Locarno, and the World Disarmament Conference and reasons for their ultimate failure.

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact

  • Sponsored by France and the United States, the Pact renounced the use of war, promoted peaceful settlement of disputes, and called for collective force to prevent aggression.
  • As described in the previous module, the Washington Naval Treaty and the Spirit of Locarno were landmark events, representing attempts to reduce armaments.
  • Moreover, the pact erased the legal distinction between war and peace since the signatories, having renounced the use of war began to wage wars without declaring them as evidenced by the United States intervention in Central America, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935, the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939, and the German and Soviet Union invasions of Poland.
  • Notably, the pact served as the legal basis for the creation of the notion of crime against peace.
  • Nations that have resorted to the use of force since the Charter came into effect have typically invoked self-defense or the right of collective defense.

• Animism

  • In Shinto, spirits of nature, or kami, are believed to exist everywhere.
  • Animism refers to the belief that non-human entities are spiritual beings, either intrinsically or because spirits inhabit them for a period of time.
  • Often, these spirits are thought to be the souls of deceased relatives, and they are not worshiped as deities.
  • In animist societies, ritual is considered essential to win the favor of the spirits that ward off other malevolent spirits and provide food, shelter, and fertility.
  • Shamans, also sometimes called medicine men or women, serve as mediums between the physical world and the world of spirits.

• African Art and the Spirit World

  • In many traditional mask ceremonies, the dancer goes into deep trance, and during this state of mind he or she is believed to communicate with ancestors in the spirit world.
  • The masks themselves often represent an ancestral spirit, which is believed to possess the wearer of the mask.
  • In the Kingdom of Kongo, nkisi were objects believed to be inhabited by spirits.
  • Often carved in the shape of animals or humans, these "power objects" were believed to help aid in the communication with the spirit world.
  • Discuss the role of African masks, statues, and sculptures in relation to the spirit world.

• Masks in the Kalabari Kingdom

  • Culture and artistic festivities of the Kalabari Kingdom involve the wearing of elaborate outfits and carved masks to celebrate the spirits.
  • Veneration of ancestors plays a central role in Ijaw traditional religion, while water spirits, known as Owuamapu, figure prominently in the Ijaw pantheon.
  • Ijaw religious beliefs hold that water spirits are like humans, having personal strengths and shortcomings, and that humans dwell among the water spirits before being born.
  • Each year, the Ijaw hold celebrations lasting for several days in honor of the spirits.
  • Central to the festivities is the role of masquerades, in which men wearing elaborate outfits and carved masks dance to the beat of drums and manifest the influence of the water spirits through the quality and intensity of their dancing.

• Economic Sociology

  • Economic sociology is the study of the social causes and social effects of various economic phenomena.
  • Economic sociology is the study of the social causes and social effects of various economic phenomena.
  • Max Weber's book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is the archetypical representation of the works of economic sociology's classical period .
  • The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is representative of classical economic sociology in that it uses sociological data on religion to explain the economic phenomenon of northern Europe's embrace of capitalism.
  • This picture shows the cover to the 1934 edition of Max Weber's The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

• Mendé Masks

  • The bells on the necklaces are of the type believed capable of being heard by spirits, ringing in both worlds, that of the ancestors and the living.
  • Masks represent the collective mind of the Mendé community; viewed as one body, they are seen as the Spirit of the Mendé people.
  • The standard set of Mendé maskers includes about a dozen personalities embodying spirits of varying degrees of power and importance.
  • The neck rolls are an indication of the health of ideal women; they have also been called symbols of the pattern of concentric, circular ripples the Mendé spirit makes when emerging from the water.
  • The holes at the base of the mask are where the rest of the costume is attached; a woman who wears these masks must not expose any part of her body, or it is believed a vengeful spirit may take possession of her.

• Kongo

  • They are primarily defined by the speaking of Kikongo, a common language.
  • Nkondi are a subclass of minkisi that are considered aggressive.
  • The nganga gathers materials, called nlongo (plural bilongo, milongo, or concord with mi-), which when assembled, will become the home of a spirit.
  • The nganga then either becomes possessed with the spirit or places the finished nkondi in a graveyard or other place where spirits frequent.
  • According to Kongo testimony of the early twentieth century, people drive nails into the figures as part of a petition for help, healing, or witness-particularly of contracts and pledges.

• Historical Returns: Market Variability and Volatility

  • Historical analysis of markets and of specific securities is a useful tool for investors, but it does not predict the future of the market.
  • Past performance is not a guarantee of future performance.
  • These types of interlinkages are a cause of the overall market variability and volatility.
  • Furthermore, market variability and volatility can be the cause of what John Maynard Keynes called animal spirits.
  • Animal spirits are the emotions felt by investors who affect markets.

• Facts, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom

  • In any period of history, there is a problem of determining the nature of what we think we know.
  • (For our purposes, we will accept facts in the spirit of its Latin roots.
  • Information may also include the communication of those facts.
  • Knowledge implies an understanding of the nature of relationships (system of causation) among the facts and information.
  • Wisdom requires a system of ethics.