spatial concentration

Examples of spatial concentration in the following topics:

• Assimilation

  • Spatial concentration is defined by geography or residential patterns.
  • The spatial residential model states that increasing socioeconomic attainment, longer residence in the U.S, and higher generational status lead to decreasing residential concentration for a particular ethnic group.

• CAM and C4 Photosynthesis

  • Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO2 concentration in their leaves under hot and dry conditions.
  • The C4 pathway bears resemblance to CAM; both act to concentrate CO2 around RuBisCO, thereby increasing its efficiency.
  • CAM concentrates it temporally, providing CO2 during the day and not at night, when respiration is the dominant reaction.
  • C4 plants, in contrast, concentrate CO2 spatially, with a RuBisCO reaction centre in a "bundle sheath cell" that is inundated with CO2.

• Weight of the Earth

  • When the bodies have spatial extent, gravitational force is calculated by summing the contributions of point masses which constitute them.
  • If the bodies in question have spatial extent (rather than being theoretical point masses), then the gravitational force between them is calculated by summing the contributions of the notional point masses which constitute the bodies.
  • In this way it can be shown that an object with a spherically-symmetric distribution of mass exerts the same gravitational attraction on external bodies as if all the object's mass were concentrated at a point at its center.
  • The portion of the mass that is located at radii $rconcentrated at the center of the mass distribution (as noted above).
  • Describe how gravitational force is calculated for the bodies with spatial extent

• The Structure of Cities

  • The concentric ring model was postulated in 1924 by sociologist Ernest Burgess, based on his observations of Chicago .
  • Even in Chicago, the concentric rings were semi-circles, interrupted by Lake Michigan.
  • Urban structure can also refer to urban spatial structure; the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility.
  • They are intended to attract business by concentrating dedicated infrastructure to reduce the per-business expenses.
  • The Concentric Ring Model described the city as a series of concentric rings, each home to a different group and social function.

• How Skeletal Muscles Are Named

  • Convergent muscles have a common point of attachment, from which the muscle fascicles extend outward, not necessarily in a specific spatial pattern, allowing the muscle to cover a broad surface.
  • The fibers of the circular or sphincter muscles are arranged concentrically around an opening or recess.

• Medical Imaging

  • A magnetic resonance imaging instrument (MRI), or "nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging" scanner as it was originally known, uses powerful magnets to polarize and excite hydrogen nuclei (single proton) in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body scanner .
  • A magnetic resonance imaging instrument (MRI scanner), or "nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging" scanner as it was originally known, uses powerful magnets to polarize and excite hydrogen nuclei (single proton) in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body.
  • The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide (tracer), which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule.Three-dimensional images of tracer concentration within the body are then constructed by computer analysis.A PET scan is one of the many medical uses for radioactive isotopes

• Sociological Perspectives on Urban Life

  • Furthermore, unlike many other metropolitan areas, Chicago did not expand outward at the edges as predicted by early expansionist theorists, but instead reformatted the space available in a concentric ring pattern.
  • Urban theorists suggested that these spatially-defined regions helped to solidify and isolate class relations within the modern city, moving the middle class away from the urban core and into the privatized environment of the outer suburbs.
  • Due to the high concentration of first-generation immigrant families in the inner city of Chicago during the early twentieth century, many prominent early studies in urban sociology focused around the effects of carrying culture roles and norms into new and developing environments.

• Fluid Compartments

  • The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are generally lower in the cytosol comapred to the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation and signal transduction.
  • In humans, the normal glucose concentration of extracellular fluid that is regulated by homeostasis is approximately 5 mm.
  • Spatial relationship between the blood vessels, basement membranes, and interstitial space between structures.

• Species Distribution

  • Scientists gain insight into a species' biology and ecology from studying spatial distribution of individuals.
  • Scientists gain additional insight into a species' biology and ecology from studying how individuals are spatially distributed.
  • Dispersion or distribution patterns show the spatial relationship between members of a population within a habitat.

• Ecological Associations Among Microorganisms

  • Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival.
  • Only the intimate association with the hydrogen-consuming Archaea keeps the hydrogen concentration low enough to allow the bacteria to grow.