secondary structure

Examples of secondary structure in the following topics:

• Protein Structure

  • A protein's secondary structure is whatever regular structures arise from interactions between neighboring or near-by amino acids as the polypeptide starts to fold into its functional three-dimensional form.
  • Secondary structures arise as H bonds form between local groups of amino acids in a region of the polypeptide chain.
  • Rarely does a single secondary structure extend throughout the polypeptide chain.
  • The most common forms of secondary structure are the α-helix and β-pleated sheet structures and they play an important structural role in most globular and fibrous proteins.
  • The tertiary structure of a polypeptide chain is its overall three-dimensional shape, once all the secondary structure elements have folded together among each other.

• Secondary Market Organizations

  • The secondary market is the financial market in which previously issued instruments such as stock, bonds, options, and futures are bought and sold.
  • The secondary market, also known as the aftermarket, is the financial market where previously issued securities and financial instruments such as stock, bonds, options, and futures are bought and sold.
  • After the initial issuance, investors can purchase from other investors in the secondary market.
  • The major stock exchanges are the most visible example of liquid secondary markets - in this case, for stocks of publicly traded companies.
  • Most bonds and structured products trade "over the counter," or by phoning the bond desk of one's broker-dealer.

• Use of Existing Sources

  • The study of sources collected by someone other than the researcher, also known as archival research or secondary data research, is an essential part of sociology .
  • In archival research or secondary research, the focus is not on collecting new data but on studying existing texts.
  • Common sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, organizational records, field notes, semi-structured and structured interviews, and other forms of data collected through quantitative methods or qualitative research.
  • Researchers use secondary analysis for several reasons.
  • The primary reason is that secondary data analysis saves time that would otherwise be spent collecting data.

• Lymphoid Tissue

  • The lymphoid tissue may be primary or secondary depending upon its stage of lymphocyte development and maturation.
  • Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs maintain mature naive lymphocytes until an adaptive immune response is initiated.
  • Secondary lymphoid tissue provides the environment for the antigens to interact with the lymphocytes.
  • More specialized primary lymph tissue, such as the thymus, develops from pharyngeal pouches (embryonic structures that differentiate into organs near the pharynx and throat) by the eighth week of gestation.
  • The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid tissue, while the lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen are secondary lymphoid tissue.

• Stages of Socialization Throughout the Life Span

  • The socialization process can be separated into two main stages: primary socialization and secondary socialization.
  • Socialization is a life process, but is generally divided into two parts: primary and secondary socialization.
  • Secondary socialization refers to the socialization that takes place throughout one's life, both as a child and as one encounters new groups that require additional socialization.
  • While there are scholars who argue that only one or the other of these occurs, most social scientists tend to combine the two, arguing that the basic or core identity of the individual develops during primary socialization, with more specific changes occurring later—secondary socialization—in response to the acquisition of new group memberships and roles and differently structured social situations.
  • Socialization, as noted in the distinction between primary and secondary, can take place in multiple contexts and as a result of contact with numerous groups.

• Polyketide Antibiotics

  • Polyketides are secondary metabolites produced from bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.
  • Polyketides are secondary metabolites produced from bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.
  • Secondary metabolites are often restricted to a narrow set of species within a phylogenetic group.
  • Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavorings, and recreational drugs.
  • Polyketides are structurally a very diverse family of natural products with diverse biological activities and pharmacological properties.

• The Evolution of Plastids

  • Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic bacteria with all the conventional structures of prokaryotes.
  • Numerous microscopic and genetic studies support this conclusion; secondary plastids are surrounded by three or more membranes; some secondary plastids even have clear remnants of the nucleus of endosymbiotic algae.
  • Several lines of evidence support that chlorarachniophytes evolved from secondary endosymbiosis.
  • The process of secondary endosymbiosis is not unique to chlorarachniophytes.
  • In fact, secondary endosymbiosis of green algae also led to euglenid protists, whereas secondary endosymbiosis of red algae led to the evolution of dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and stramenopiles.

• Ecological Succession

  • Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time.
  • Communities with a stable structure are said to be at equilibrium.
  • In secondary succession, part of an ecosystem is disturbed, but remnants of the previous community remain.
  • A classic example of secondary succession occurs in oak and hickory forests cleared by wildfire .
  • Secondary succession is shown in an oak and hickory forest after a forest fire.

• Primary and Secondary Research

• Secondary Groups

  • Some secondary groups may last for many years, though most are short term.
  • Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another.
  • The distinction between primary and secondary groups was originally proposed by Charles Cooley.
  • A secondary group is one you have chosen to be a part of.
  • Primary groups can form within secondary groups as relationships become more personal and close.