Second Intermediate Period

(noun)

Spanning the Fourteenth to Seventeenth Dynasties, a period of Egyptian history where power was split between the Hyksos and a Theban-based dynasty in Upper Egypt.

Related Terms

Examples of Second Intermediate Period in the following topics:

  • The Second Intermediate Period

    • The Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BCE) spanned the Fourteenth to Seventeenth Dynasties, and was a period in which decentralized rule split Egypt between the Theban-based Seventeenth Dynasty in Upper Egypt and the Sixteenth Dynasty under the Hyksos in the north.
    • The Second Intermediate Period (c. 1782-1550 BCE) marks a time when Ancient Egypt once again fell into disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom.
    • It is best known as the period when the Hyksos, who reigned during the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties, made their appearance in Egypt.
    • Famine was an issue during this period, most notably during the reign of Neferhotep III.
    • Explain the dynamics between the various groups of people vying for power during the Second Intermediate Period

  • The New Kingdom

    • The New Kingdom of Egypt, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between 1550-1070 BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt.
    • The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period, and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period.
    • The Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties (1292-1069 BCE) are also known as the Ramesside period, after the eleven pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses.
    • This was possibly a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period

  • The Middle Kingdom

    • The Middle Kingdom was a period of Egyptian history spanning the Eleventh through Twelfth Dynasty (2000-1700 BCE), when centralized power consolidated a unified Egypt.
    • The Middle Kingdom, also known as the Period of Reunification, is a period in the history of Ancient Egypt stretching from the end of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty, roughly between 2000-1700 BCE.
    • Toward the end of the First Intermediate Period, Mentuhotep II and his successors unified Egypt under a single rule, and commanded such faraway locations as Nubia and the Sinai.
    • During the First Intermediate Period, the governors of the nomes of Egypt— nomarchs—gained considerable power.
    • Thus began the final portion of the Thirteenth Dynasty, when southern kings continued to reign over Upper Egypt; when the unity of Egypt fully disintegrated, however, the Middle Kingdom gave way to the Second Intermediate Period.

  • Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Art

    • In a narrower sense, Ancient Egyptian art refers to art of the second and third dynasty developed in Egypt from 3000 BCE until the third century.
    • The Predynastic Period is traditionally equivalent to the Neolithic period, beginning ca. 6000 BCE and including the Protodynastic Period (Naqada III).
    • The Predynastic period is generally divided into cultural periods, each named after the place where a certain type of Egyptian settlement was first discovered.
    • While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal security and prosperity, it was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period.
    • The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period.

  • The Third Intermediate Period

    • The Third Intermediate Period (c. 1069-664 BCE) spanned the Twenty-first to Twenty-sixth Dynasties, and was marked by internal divisions within Egypt, as well as conquest and rule by foreigners.
    • The Third Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt began with the death of the last pharaoh of the New Kingdom, Ramesses XI in 1070 BCE, and ended with the start of the Postdynastic Period.
    • The Third Intermediate Period was one of decline and political instability.
    • The Twenty-second (c. 943-716 BCE) and Twenty-third (c. 880-720 BCE) Dynasties
    • Describe the general landscape of the political chaos during Third Intermediate Period

  • The First Intermediate Period

    • The First Intermediate Period, the Seventh to Eleventh dynasties, spanned approximately one hundred years (2181-2055 BCE), and was characterized by political instability and conflict between the Heracleopolitan and Theban Kings.
    • The First Intermediate Period (c. 2181-2055 BCE), often described as a "dark period" in ancient Egyptian history after the end of the Old Kingdom, spanned approximately 100 years.
    • The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time in history when rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two competing power bases: Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt, and Thebes in Upper Egypt.
    • The first three kings of the Eleventh Dynasty (all named Intef) were, therefore, also the last three kings of the First Intermediate Period.
    • Describe the processes by which the First Intermediate Period occurred, and then transitioned into the Middle Kingdom

  • The Third Intermediate Period

    • The Third Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt last from 1070 BC up to the foundation of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty in 664 BC.
    • The Third Intermediate Period refers to the time in Ancient Egypt that began with the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI in 1070 BC, which ended the New Kingdom.
    • The period was one of decline and political instability, marked by division of the state for much of the period and conquest and rule by foreigners.
    • The temple network become a dominant sphere in this period following the decentralization and weakness of the royal authority.
    • Evaluate the importance of the temple network during the Third Intermediate Period in Egyptian history.

  • Addition Reactions Involving Other Cyclic Onium Intermediates

    • Indeed, a cyclic sulfonium ion intermediate analogous to the bromonium ion is believed to best represent this intermediate (see drawing below).
    • These characteristics are attributed to a mercurinium ion intermediate, analogous to the bromonium ion discussed above.
    • A drawing of this intermediate is shown below.
    • Furthermore, rearrangements are unlikely inasmuch as a discrete carbocation intermediate is never formed.
    • Since the hydroboration procedure is most commonly used to hydrate alkenes in an anti-Markovnikov fashion, we also need to know the stereoselectivity of the second oxidation reaction, which substitutes a hydroxyl group for the boron atom.

  • Some Examples of Pericyclic Reactions

    • The second example is particularly interesting because a [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition is possible, but provides only a minor product.
    • A careful examination of these reactions, using probes for ionic and radical intermediates, has shown that these are not concerted transformations.
    • The dipolar and diradical intermediates proposed for these reactions will be illustrated in the second diagram below.
    • Instead, a higher activation energy bond cleavage to a diradical intermediate takes place on heating.

  • Oxidations

    • Both reactions appear to proceed by the same mechanism (shown below); the metallocyclic intermediate may be isolated in the osmium reaction.
    • The result is formation of a metallocyclic intermediate, as shown below.
    • It is unlikely that a dipolar intermediate, as shown above, is actually formed.
    • It is called ozonolysis, and its application to each of these examples is seen in the second diagram below.
    • The vicinal glycols prepared by alkene hydroxylation (reaction with osmium tetroxide or permanganate) are cleaved to aldehydes and ketones in high yield by the action of lead tetraacetate (Pb(OAc)4) or periodic acid (HIO4).