respiratory distress syndrome

Examples of respiratory distress syndrome in the following topics:

• Respiratory Distress Syndrome

  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious reaction to various forms of injuries or acute infection to the lung.
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or adult respiratory distress syndrome, is a serious reaction to various forms of injuries or acute infection to the lung.
  • ARDS is a severe lung syndrome (not a disease) caused by a variety of direct and indirect issues.
  • Mechanical ventilation is an essential part of the treatment of ARDS to relieve respiratory muscles of their work, and to protect the usually obtunded patient's airways.
  • If the underlying disease or injurious factor is not removed, the amount of inflammatory mediators released by the lungs in ARDS may result in a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (or sepsis if there is lung infection).

• The Work of Breathing

  • The number of breaths per minute is the respiratory rate; under non-exertion conditions, the human respiratory rate averages around 12–15 breaths/minute.
  • There are two ways to keep the alveolar ventilation constant: increase the respiratory rate while decreasing the tidal volume of air per breath (shallow breathing), or decrease the respiratory rate while increasing the tidal volume per breath.
  • Both tidal volume and respiratory rate are closely regulated when oxygen demand increases.
  • Sometimes, in babies that are born prematurely, there is lack of surfactant production; as a result, they suffer from respiratory distress syndrome and require more effort to inflate the lungs.
  • Examples of restrictive diseases are respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis.

• Lung Capacity and Volume

  • Lung volumes and capacities refer to phases of the respiratory cycle; lung volumes are directly measured while capacities are inferred.
  • An FEV1/FVC ratio of >80% indicates a restrictive lung disease like pulmonary fibrosis or infant respiratory distress syndrome.
  • Capacity of the lungs generally refers to the total amount of volume of air inside the lungs at certain phases of the respiratory cycle.
  • The obstruction becomes worse the lower the ratio becomes, which increases the likelihood of respiratory failure and death .

• Development of the Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system lies dormant in the human fetus during pregnancy.
  • Specialized cells of the respiratory epithelium appear including type II alveolar cells which secrete pulmonary surfactant.
  • At birth, the respiratory system becomes fully functional upon exposure to air, although some lung development and growth continues throughout childhood.
  • The lungs of pre-term infants therefore may not function well because the lack of surfactant leads to increased surface tension within the alveoli leading to alveoli collapse and no gas exchange, a condition known as respiratory distress syndrome.
  • Evaluate the ability of a fetus to survive birth based on the development of the respiratory system

• Babesiosis

  • If the disease progresses without treatment and it is severe, the infected individual can suffer from organ failure and adult respiratory distress syndrome.

• Adjustments of the Infant at Birth

  • During this transition, some types of congenital heart diseases that were not symptomatic in utero during fetal circulation will present with cyanosis or respiratory signs.
  • Potential neonatal respiratory problems include apnea, transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), airway obstruction, and pneumonia.

• Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation: Surface Tension of Alveolar Fluid

  • They lack sufficient surfactant to initiate proper breathing, and therefore, go into respiratory distress.
  • Therefore prematurely born infants are at a high risk of respiratory distress syndrome from airway collapse, which can cause death if untreated.

• Intubation During Anesthesia

  • General anesthetic agents, opioids, and neuromuscular-blocking drugs may diminish or even abolish the respiratory drive.
  • Examples of such conditions include cervical spine injury, multiple rib fractures, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or near-drowning.
  • In patients with elevated arterial carbon dioxide, an arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) greater than 45 mm Hg in the setting of acidemia would prompt intubation, especially if a series of measurements demonstrate a worsening respiratory acidosis.

• Premature Infants

  • Respiratory problems are common, specifically the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS or IRDS), which was previously called hyaline membrane disease.

• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

  • Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is the most common persistent fatigue syndrome that affects people.
  • Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is the most common name used to designate a significantly debilitating medical disorder or group of disorders.
  • The disorder may also be referred to as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS), chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS), or several other terms.
  • Persons with CFS may report additional symptoms such as muscle weakness, increased sensitivity to light, sounds and smells, orthostatic intolerance, digestive disturbances, depression, and cardiac and respiratory problems.
  • An Australian prospective study found that after infection by viral and non-viral pathogens, a sub-set of individuals met the criteria for CFS, with the researchers concluding that "post-infective fatigue syndrome is a valid illness model for investigating one pathophysiological pathway to CFS".