reciprocity

Examples of reciprocity in the following topics:

• Reciprocal

• Reciprocity

  • Actors A and B have reciprocated ties, actors B and C have a non-reciprocated tie, and actors A and C have no tie.
  • What is the prevalence of reciprocity in this network?
  • In our simple example, this would yield one reciprocated pair divided by two tied pairs, or a reciprocity rate of .500.
  • Here, two such ties (A to B and B to A) are a reciprocated structure among the six possible ties (AB, BA, AC, CA, BC, CA) or a reciprocity of .333.
  • This approach is called the arc method in Network>Cohesion>Reciprocity.

• Challenges of Reciprocal Teaching

  • One challenge of using reciprocal teaching is that constructivists in the field of learning strategies do not agree on how it should be taught (Allen, 2003).
  • One way of teaching it is called "reciprocal teaching only", where the strategy is not introduced to the students prior to the group discussions (Allen, 2003).
  • One strategy to help alleviate this situation is tape-assisted reciprocal teaching (Le Fevre, Moore, and Wilkinson, 2003).
  • An often overlooked but significant challenge to reciprocal teaching is that this method of instruction relies heavily on the teacher's belief in constructive learning and his/her proficiency with the reciprocal teaching process (Hacker, et al, 2002).
  • Reciprocal teaching is a constructivist method of teaching.

• References

  • Learn from our journey: Reciprocal teaching action research.
  • Tape-assisted reciprocal teaching: Cognitive bootstrapping for poor decoders.
  • Reciprocal teaching at work: strategies for improving reading comprehension.
  • Reading & Writing Quarterly, 20.Books on Reciprocal Teaching or with lessons that strengthen Reciprocal Teaching
  • A practical guide to reciprocal teaching.

• What is Reciprocal Teaching?

  • Palincsar, Brown, and Campione (1989) define reciprocal teaching as a dialogue between teacher and student.
  • This dialogue is described as reciprocal because each learner acts in response to another.
  • Clark and her students through implementation of reciprocal teaching as an instructional method.
  • Clark decides to try reciprocal teaching to see if she can make a difference for her struggling readers.
  • Her plans include teaching the four strategies that are associated with reciprocal teaching.

• Secant and the Trigonometric Cofunctions

  • Trigonometric functions have reciprocals that can be calculated using the unit circle.
  • Each of these functions has a reciprocal function, which is defined by the reciprocal of the ratio for the original trigonometric function.
  • Note that reciprocal functions differ from inverse functions.
  • The cosecant function is the reciprocal of the sine function, and is abbreviated as$\csc$.
  • The other reciprocal functions can be solved in a similar manner.

• Benefits of Reciprocal Teaching

  • Palincsar and Brown (1986, as cited in Oczkus 2003), observed that reciprocal teaching used with a group of students for 15-20 days improved reading comprehension on assessments by 30 to 80 percent.
  • According to a study by Lederer, (2000, as cited in Allen, 2003), students were given reciprocal teaching instruction for 15 to 17 days.
  • At the conclusion of the study, one seventh grade student commented that "reciprocal teaching helps me understand the book more, understand meaningful questions, understand other people's opinions".
  • Additionally, a modified version of reciprocal teaching can benefit students who struggle to comprehend mathematical word problems.
  • In a reciprocal teaching math lesson, one student is assigned to be the group leader.

• The probability of a dyadic tie: Leinhardt's P1

  • For any pair of actors in a directed graph, there are three possible relationships: no ties, an asymmetric tie, or a reciprocated tie.
  • It is also a function of the global tendency in the whole network toward reciprocity (rho).
  • Theta = -1.6882 refers to the effect of the global density of the network on the probability of reciprocated or asymmetric ties between pairs of actors.
  • Rho = 3.5151 refers to the effect of the overall amount of reciprocity in the global network on the probability of a reciprocated tie between any pair of actors.
  • Beta ("attractiveness") refers to the effect of each actor's in-degree on the probability that they will have a reciprocated or asymmetric relation with other actors.

• Introduction

  • Clark attends a professional learning seminar on reciprocal teaching and hears testimonials about the progress that students have made when teachers employ this instructional strategy.

• Altruism: Helping

  • Reciprocity involves an exchange of positive actions between people.
  • Reciprocal actions are important to social psychology as they can help explain the maintenance of social norms.
  • The human tendency toward reciprocity is so strong that a person will feel obligated to return a favor regardless of whether they like the person who originally gave the favor, and even if they did not want the favor.
  • Distinguish among the social-exchange theory, the reciprocity norm, and the empathy-altruism hypothesis of altruism