Examples of queer theory in the following topics:
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- Gender-schema theory was formally introduced by Sandra Bem in 1981 as a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society.
- According to proponents of queer theory, gender identity is not a rigid or static identity but can continue to evolve and change over time.
- Queer theory developed in response to the perceived limitations of the way in which identities are thought to become consolidated or stabilized (for instance, gay or straight), and theorists constructed queerness in an attempt to resist this.
- While "queer" defies a simple definition, the term is often used to convey an identity that is not rigidly developed, but is instead fluid and changing.
- Apply social-learning theory and gender-schema theory to the context of gender identity development and the gender spectrum
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- In recent decades the term "queer" has been embraced as a non-binary view of gender and sexuality, embracing a spectrum and/or a fluidity of concepts that have previously been defined as having only two (binary) options (e.g., male/female, straight/gay, woman/man).
- Queer theory is a perspective that problematizes (or critiques) the manner in which people have been taught to think about sexual orientation.
- By calling their discipline "queer," these scholars are rejecting the effects of labeling.
- Queer theorists reject the dichotomization (division) of sexual orientations into two mutually exclusive outcomes—homosexual or heterosexual.
- Evaluate how society differently treats people identifying as homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, asexual, and queer
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- Conflict theory argues that the economic and political structures of a society create social divisions, inequalities, and conflicts.
- Certain conflict theories set out to highlight the ideological aspects inherent in traditional thought.
- Wright Mills has been called the founder of modern conflict theory.
- Conflict theory is most commonly associated with Marxism, but as a reaction to functionalism and the positivist method, it may also be associated with a number of other perspectives, including critical theory, feminist theory, postmodern theory, post-structural theory, postcolonial theory, queer theory, world systems theory, and race-conflict theory.
- Examine the differing views on conflict theory from various sociologists, such as Karl Marx and C.
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- Sociological theories serve to guide the research process and offer a means for interpreting research data and explaining social phenomena.
- Starting in the late 20th century, the feminist movement has contributed extensive study of gender and theories about it, notably within sociology but not restricted to it.
- Theories that have contributed to gender research and the realm of gender studies include structural functionism (the theory that gender roles were originally functional; for example, women took care of the domestic responsibilities in or around the home because they were often limited by the physical restraints of pregnancy and nursing and unable to leave the home for long periods of time); conflict theory (seeing society as a struggle for dominance among social groups, such as women versus men, that compete for scarce resources); feminist theories (which use the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities); and symbolic interactionism (which aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols in human interaction).
- Other conceptions of gender influenced by queer theory see gender as multidimensional, fluid and shifting; something that cannot be plotted linearly at all.
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- Feminist theory is a conflict theory that studies gender, patriarchy, and the oppression of women.
- Feminist critiques of heterosexism thus align with queer theory and the ideas of Michel Foucault, who studied the relationship between power and sexuality.
- Identify the main tenets of the feminist perspective and its research focus, distinguishing the three waves of feminist theory
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- These basic theories of social constructionism can be applied to any issue of study pertaining to human life, including gender.
- Butler is a trained philosopher and has oriented her work towards feminism and queer theory.
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- Third wave feminism gained momentum in the 90s, with violence against women taking center stage, more women taking on positions of leadership, and the rise of queer theory initiating important discussions about gender and sexuality.
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- The theoretical perspectives these and subsequent scholars developed was is broadly referred to as Feminist Theory.
- Similar to the other theories outlined in this chapter, Feminist Theory is far more expansive than can adequately be explored within one textbook, let alone within a single chapter in a textbook.
- Feminist Theory often dramatically influences scientific theory and practice within such fields.
- Below we offer summaries of the major conceptual approaches within Feminist Theory.
- This perspective shares many ideas with Queer Theory.
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- Many art historians use critical theory to frame their inquiries into objects.
- Theory is most often used when dealing with more recent objects, those from the late 19th century onward.
- Critical theory in art history is often borrowed from literary scholars, and it involves the application of a non-artistic analytical framework to the study of art objects.
- Feminist, Marxist, critical race, queer, and postcolonial theories are all well-established in the discipline.
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- Building on the aforementioned observations, researchers have also noted tremendous variation between heterosexual and lesbian, gay, bisexual, trangender, intersex, queer, and asexual (LGBTIQA) aging processes.
- Further, researchers have shown that biological (and to a lesser extent self-perceived or social) age often heavily influences the political stances, practices, and beliefs of sexual and gender minorities with older LGBTIQA people often mirroring "don't ask don't tell" approaches of the past, middle-aged LGBTIQA people often adopting a "politics of respectability" (e.g., seek to be as normal as possible through inclusion into marital, religious, and familial heterosexual institutions), and younger LGBTIQA people typically promoting more radical / Queer / Feminist / Social Justice approaches to sexual politics (see also heteronormativity and LGBTQIA movement histories for further elaboration on the relationship between historical context and sexual politics and for a basic introduction to some sexual political history).