Proto-Attic

Examples of Proto-Attic in the following topics:

• Vase Painting in the Orientalizing Period

  • Pottery produced during the Orientalizing Period across the Isthmus of Corinth in Athens is known as Proto-Attic.
  • The Proto-Attic style marked the first depictions of discernibly Greek religious and mythological themes in vase painting.
  • Proto-Attic vases are usually distinguished by orange clay available in the Athens area.
  • This detail from Proto-Attic amphora shows the outline- and silhouette-based forms in which the human body was depicted at the time, as well as the orange clay available to Attic ceramicists.

• Italian Gothic Sculpture: The Pisano Family

  • Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni developed a Proto-Renaissance style of sculpture in Italy combining classical Roman and Gothic styles.
  • Nicola Pisano (ca. 1220–1284) and his son Giovanni Pisano (ca. 1250–1315) were Italian sculptors during the Gothic age who developed a Classical-influenced style of sculpture known as Proto-Renaissance.
  • Nicola Pisano had seen the arches on his travels, particularly the Arch of Constantine, which has many features the pulpit imitates, including figures standing on top of columns and an attic storey with sculpted scenes.
  • Describe the Proto-Renaissance style of sculpture developed by the Pisano family

• Proto-oncogenes

  • Proto-oncogenes normally regulate cell division, but can be changed into oncogenes through mutation, which may cause cancers to form.
  • The genes that code for the positive cell cycle regulators are called proto-oncogenes.
  • Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become oncogenes: genes that cause a cell to become cancerous.
  • There are several ways by which a proto-oncogene can be converted into an oncogene .
  • The Cdk gene in the above example is only one of many genes that are considered proto-oncogenes.

• Ceramics in the Greek Early Classical Period

  • The "Mannerists" were a group of Attic red-figure painters known for their affected (emotive) subject matter.
  • Attic white ground lekythos. c. 440-430 BCE.
  • Attic white-ground black-figure lekythos.
  • Attic white ground lekythos. c. 440-430 BCE.
  • Attic red-figure bell krater. c. 500-490 BCE.

• Altered Gene Expression in Cancer

  • Another type of gene often deregulated in cancers are proto-oncogenes which are positive cell-cycle regulators.
  • When mutated, proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes and cause cancer .
  • When mutated, proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes and cause cancer due to uncontrolled cell growth.

• Cancer and Transcriptional Control

  • Many transcription factors, especially some that are proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressors, help regulate the cell cycle and, as such, determine how large a cell will get and when it can divide into two daughter cells .
  • Transcription factors, especially some that are proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressors, help regulate the cell cycle; however, when regulation gives rise to cancer cells, then transcriptional control of gene expression is affected.

• Etruscan Ceramics

  • By this time, Etruscan vase painting had begun to take its main influence from Attic vase painting.
  • As on some early Attic vases, this was achieved by covering the whole vase body in black shiny slip, then adding figures on top, using paints that would oxidize into red or white during firing.

• Introduction to Human Language

  • Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the name for the common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.

• Romanticism

  • This proto-romantic movement was centered on literature and music, but also influenced the visual arts.

• Platelet Formation

  • Megakaryocytes stay in the bone marrow and are thought to produce proto-platelets within their cytoplasm, which are released in cytoplasmic extensions upon cytokine stimulus.
  • The proto-platelets then break up into hundreds of platelets that circulate throughout the bloodstream, while the remaining nucleus of the ruptured megakaryocyte is consumed by macrophages.