Protestant Reformation

Examples of Protestant Reformation in the following topics:

• Impact of the Protestant Reformation

  • The Reformation was a religious movement in the 16th century that resulted in the theological divide between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
  • The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that occurred in Western Europe during the 16th century that resulted in the theological divide between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
  • The Protestant Reformation also capitalized on the popularity of printmaking in northern Europe.
  • The Protestant Reformation induced a wave of iconoclasm, or the destruction of religious imagery, among the more radical evangelists.
  • Describe the Protestant Reformation and its effects on Western European art of the 16th century

• Discontent with the Roman Catholic Church

  • The Protestant Reformation was the schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants.
  • The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation, was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by other early Protestant reformers in Europe in the 16th century.
  • The Reformation led to the creation of new national Protestant churches.
  • The Roman Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent and spearheaded by the new order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), specifically organized to counter the Protestant movement.
  • In general, Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, turned Protestant.

• The Anglican Church

  • The English Reformation was, in part, associated with the wider process of the European Protestant Reformation, a religious and political movement that affected the practice of Christianity across most of Europe during this period.
  • Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and, during his reign, Protestant reformers were unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England.
  • Under King Edward VI more Protestant-influenced forms of worship were adopted.
  • Cranmer introduced a series of religious reforms that revolutionised the English church from one that—while rejecting papal supremacy—remained essentially Catholic, to one that was institutionally Protestant.
  • At the same time, she had observed the turmoil brought about by Edward's introduction of radical Protestant reforms.

• The Church During the Italian Renaissance

  • Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the Church, often based on humanist textual criticism of the New Testament.
  • The 95 Theses led to the Reformation, a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in Western Europe.
  • Pope Paul III came to the papal throne (1534–1549) after the sack of Rome in 1527, with uncertainties prevalent in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation.
  • The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).
  • The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements, ecclesiastical or structural reconfigurations, new religious orders (such as the Jesuits), spiritual movements, and political reform.

• Mannerism and the Counter-Reformation

  • Mannerism concerned many Catholic leaders in the wake of the Reformation, as they were seen as lacking pious appeal.
  • Furthermore, a great divergence had arisen between the Catholic Church and Protestant reformers of Northern Europe regarding the content and style of art work.
  • The reforms that resulted from this council are what set the basis for Counter-Reformation art.
  • While the Protestants largely removed public art from religion and moved towards a more "secular" style of art, embracing the concept of glorifying God through depictions of nature, the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church promoted art with "sacred" or religious content.
  • Distinguish the artistic ideal of the Counter-Reformation from Mannerism and the art of the Reformation in Northern Europe

• Calvinism

  • These reformers came from diverse academic backgrounds, but later distinctions within Reformed theology can already be detected in their thought, especially the priority of scripture as a source of authority.
  • After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries.
  • In this act, Protestants denounced the mass in placards that appeared across France, even reaching the royal apartments.
  • Several thousand French Protestants fled the country during this time, most notably John Calvin, who settled in Geneva.
  • A portrait of John Calvin, one of the major figures in the Protestant Reformation, by Holbein.

• Welfare Reform

  • Welfare reform has attempted many times to remove welfare altogether by promoting self-sufficiency, but has been unsuccessful in this regard thus far.
  • Welfare reform refers to improving how a nation helps those citizens in poverty.
  • Before the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, welfare assistance was "once considered an open-ended right," but welfare reform converted it "into a finite program built to provide short-term cash assistance and steer people quickly into jobs. " Prior to reform, states were given "limitless" money by the federal government, increasing per family on welfare, under the 60-year-old Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program.
  • The reforms were "widely applauded" after "bitter protest. " The Times called the reform "one of the few undisputed triumphs of American government in the past 20 years. "
  • Describe the features of the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 under President Bill Clinton

• Bohemian Period

  • In 1609, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia (1576–1612), increased Protestant rights.
  • Ferdinand was a proponent of the Catholic Counter-Reformation and not well-disposed to Protestantism or Bohemian freedoms.
  • They preferred the Protestant Frederick V, elector of the Palatinate (successor of Frederick IV, the creator of the Protestant Union).
  • Moravia was already embroiled in a conflict between Catholics and Protestants.
  • This was a serious blow to Protestant ambitions in the region.

• Louis XIV and the Huguenots

  • Responding to petitions, Louis initially excluded Protestants from office, constrained the meeting of synods, closed churches outside Edict-stipulated areas, banned Protestant outdoor preachers, and prohibited domestic Protestant migration.
  • He also disallowed Protestant-Catholic intermarriages where third parties objected, encouraged missions to the Protestants, and rewarded converts to Catholicism.
  • An enforced yet steady conversion of Protestants followed, especially among the noble elites.
  • In 1681, Louis dramatically increased the persecution of Protestants.
  • Protestants across Europe were horrified at the treatment of their fellow believers and Louis' public image in most of Europe, especially in Protestant regions, suffered greatly.

• Immigration Reform

  • In the political sense, immigration reform may include promoted, expanded or open immigration.
  • Senate passed the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006.
  • In 2009, immigration reform became a hot topic as the Obama administration signaled interest in beginning a discussion on comprehensive immigration reform.
  • The proposed comprehensive immigration reform plan had as its goal bipartisan support.
  • Due to conflict and protest, Governor Brewer signed House Bill 2162 (HB 2162) a week later, amending text in the original document.