precedent

Examples of precedent in the following topics:

• Cases and the Law

  • Essentially, the body of common law is based on the principles of case precedent and stare decisis.
  • In the United States legal system, a precedent or authority is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.
  • The general principle in common law legal systems is that similar cases should be decided so as to give similar and predictable outcomes, and the principle of precedent is the mechanism by which this goal is attained.
  • Black's Law Dictionary defines "precedent" as a "rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases. "
  • Stare decisis is a legal principle by which judges are obliged to respect the precedent established by prior decisions.

• Vygotsky's Theories

  • Unlike Piaget's notion that children's development must necessarily precede their learning, Vygotsky argued, "learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function" (1978, p. 90).
  • In other words, social learning tends to precede development.

• SYLLABLES

  • Other combinations of two or more consonants are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel; as, ma-gis-trī, dig-nus, mōn-strum, sis-te-re.
  • The double consonant x is joined to the preceding vowel; as, ax-is, tēx-ī.

• SYLLABLES

  • Other combinations of two or more consonants are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel; as, ma-gis-trī, dig-nus, mōn-strum, sis-te-re.
  • The double consonant x is joined to the preceding vowel; as, ax-is, tēx-ī

• The Order of Operations

  • Multiplication and division are of equal precedence (tier 3), as are addition and subtraction (tier 4).
  • Since multiplication and division are of equal precedence, it may be helpful to think of dividing by a number as multiplying by the reciprocal of that number.
  • Similarly, as addition and subtraction are of equal precedence, we can think of subtracting a number as the same as adding the negative of that number.
  • This mnemonic can be misleading, however, because the "MD" implies that multiplication must be performed before division and the "AS" that addition must be performed before subtraction, rather than acknowledging their equal precedence.
  • Or, simply as PEMA, where it is taught that multiplication and division inherently share the same precedence and that addition and subtraction inherently share the same precedence.

• Cumulative Frequency Distributions

  • A cumulative frequency distribution displays a running total of all the preceding frequencies in a frequency distribution.
  • Rather than displaying the frequencies from each class, a cumulative frequency distribution displays a running total of all the preceding frequencies.

• Specific Comparisons (Correlated Observations)

  • These two types of words were preceded by words that were either the names of weapons, such as shotgun or grenade, or non-weapon words, such as rabbit or fish.
  • One question was whether reading times would be shorter when the preceding word was a weapon word (aw and cw conditions) than when it was a non-weapon word (an and cn conditions).
  • A more interesting question is whether the priming effect (the difference between words preceded by a non-weapon word and words preceded by a weapon word) is different for aggressive words than it is for non-aggressive words.

• Land Ordinances and the Northwest Territory

  • The Northwest Ordinance established the precedent for expansion westward across North America with the admission of new states.
  • Arguably the single most important piece of legislation passed by members of the earlier Continental Congresses other than the Declaration of Independence, the Northwest Ordinance established the precedent by which the federal government would be sovereign and expand westward across North America with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation.
  • The legislation was revolutionary in that it established the precedent for new lands to be administered by the central government (albeit temporarily) rather than under the jurisdiction of the individually sovereign original states, as it was with the Articles of Confederation.
  • The legislation also broke colonial precedent by defining future use of the natural navigation, transportation, and communication routes; it did so in a way that anticipated future acquisitions beyond the Northwest Territories, and established federal policy.

• Introduction to Setting the Tone

  • The first steps are the hardest, because precedents and expectations for future conduct have not yet been set.
  • The goal of setting precedents early is to make those "in-group" behaviors be ones that are useful to the project; once established, they will be largely self-perpetuating.
  • Following are some examples of specific things you can do to set good precedents.

• Colons

  • The most common use is to inform the reader that whatever follows the colon proves, explains, defines, describes, or lists elements of what preceded the colon.
  • In modern American English usage, a colon must be preceded by a complete sentence with a list, a description, an explanation, or a definition following it.
  • Because the colon is preceded by a sentence, it is a complete sentence whether what follows the colon is another sentence or not.