pre-Raphaelite movement

Examples of pre-Raphaelite movement in the following topics:

• Japanese Art in the Meiji Period

  • Supported by Okakura and Fenollosa, the Nihonga style evolved with influences from the European pre-Raphaelite movement and European romanticism.

• Pre-Raphaelites

  • The Pre-Raphaelites were a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848.
  • The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.
  • The Pre-Raphaelites defined themselves as a reform movement, created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, The Germ, to promote their ideas.
  • In its early stages, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood believed its two interests were consistent with one another, but in later years the movement divided and moved in two separate directions.
  • The first exhibitions of Pre-Raphaelite work occurred in 1849.

• Tempera

  • While the use of tempera became less popular following the Late Renaissance and Baroque eras, it has been periodically rediscovered by later artists such as William Blake, the Pre-Raphaelites and Otto Dix .

• Abolitionism and the Women's Rights Movement

  • Many women involved in the early abolitionist movement went on to be important leaders in the early women's rights and suffrage movements.
  • Two of the most influential were the anti-slavery or abolitionist movement, and the women's rights movement.
  • These were also closely related as many of the women who would go on to be leaders in the women's rights movement got their political start in the abolitionist movement.
  • As progressive movements grew, several divisions developed often over questions of identity and especially over the role women and people of color in the movements.
  • The role of Black women in the suffrage movement was also sometimes problematic.

• Free Textbooks

  • According to the OER Consortium, the "Open Educational Resources (OER) movement encourages the creation and reuse of free textbooks, high-quality content and open source learning systems to replace expensive and proprietary systems. " The OER movement is often inspired by an egalitarian ideal and the belief that the Internet has made universal access to high-quality education possible.
  • The OER movement goes hand-in-hand with a relatively new type of copyright license called the "Creative Commons" license.
  • The OER movement has generated a number of new, free textbooks that are open-sourced.
  • But the movement is not restricted to open source textbooks.
  • The OER Commons has a wide range of free content – not necessarily in book form – for educators of all different levels, from pre-K to graduate-studies.

• Romanticism

  • Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century.
  • In most areas the movement was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 CE to 1840 CE.
  • This proto-romantic movement was centered on literature and music, but also influenced the visual arts.
  • The movement emphasized individual subjectivity.
  • These pre-romantic works were fashionable in Germany from the 1760s on through the 1780s, illustrating a public audience for emotionally charged artwork.

• Gothic Architecture and Sculpture

  • The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England.
  • In England, the center of the Gothic revival, the movement was intertwined with philosophical trends associated with a reawakening of Christian traditions in response to the growth of religious nonconformism.
  • Proponents of the picturesque, such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin, took a critical view of industrial society and portrayed pre-industrial medieval society as a golden age.

• Literary Naturalism

  • Naturalism was a literary movement that used realism to explore the effects of heredity and social environment on human character.
  • Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from roughly 1880 to 1940 that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.
  • Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary realism , a prominent literary movement in mid-19th-century France and elsewhere.
  • Often, a naturalist author will lead the reader to believe a character's fate has been pre-determined, usually by environmental factors, and that he/she can do nothing about it.

• Japanese Expansion

  • Pre-WWII Japan was characterized by political totalitarianism, ultranationalism, expansionism, and fascism culminating in Japan's invasion of China in 1937.
  • During the pre-1945 period, Japan moved into political totalitarianism, ultranationalism and fascism, as well as a series of expansionist wars, culminating in Japan's invasion of China in 1937.
  • During the Meiji period, such nationalists railed against the unequal treaties, but in the years following the First World War, Western criticism of Japanese imperial ambitions and restrictions on Japanese immigration changed the focus of the nationalist movement in Japan.
  • Because of growing opposition within the Japanese military and the extreme right to party politicians, who they saw as corrupt and self-serving, Inukai was the last party politician to govern Japan in the pre-World War II era.

• Jainism

  • Jainism is a pre-Buddhist religion with roots in the Sramana tradition.
  • Although Jainism is considered pre-Buddhist, the two religions have a link through a focus on karma—the concept that good deeds in one life will lead to a better existence in the next life.
  • Several Sramana movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE.
  • Jainism is considered an independent, pre-Buddhist religion that began c. 700 BCE, although its origins are disputed.