Examples of power law in the following topics:
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- We found from the homework that a shock often gives the electrons that bounce across it a power-law distribution of energies, such that
- If the range of the power-law distribution is sufficiently large (at least an order of magnitude) we can take $x_1\rightarrow 0$ and $x_2 \rightarrow \infty$ in (23) so that the integral is simply a constant and we find that the spectral distribution is also a power-law $\omega^{-s}$ with a power-law index of $s=(p-1)/2$.
- This power-law spectrum is valid essentially between $\omega_c(\gamma_1)$ and $\omega_c(\gamma_2)$.
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- The Constitution does not grant the Supreme Court the power of judicial review but the power to overturn laws and executive actions.
- The Constitution does not explicitly grant the Supreme Court the power of judicial review but the power of the Court to overturn laws and executive actions it deems unlawful or unconstitutional is well-established.
- The Supreme Court first established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v.
- On the other hand, through its power of judicial review, the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government.
- The Supreme Court holds the power to overturn laws and executive actions they deem unlawful or unconstitutional.
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- Judicial review is an example of the separation of powers in a modern governmental system.
- Judicial review can be understood in the context of two distinct—but parallel—legal systems, civil law and common law, and also by two distinct theories on democracy and how a government should be set up, legislative supremacy and separation of powers.
- Common law judges are seen as sources of law, capable of creating new legal rules and rejecting legal rules that are no longer valid.
- In the civil law tradition, judges are seen as those who apply the law, with no power to create or destroy legal rules.
- It is based on the idea that no branch of government should be more powerful than any other and that each branch of government should have a check on the powers of the other branches of government, thus creating a balance of power among all branches of government.
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- Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law.
- Unlike the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors.
- However, it is universally accepted that the Founding Fathers of the United States, by vesting judicial power into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in Article Three of the United States Constitution, vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent.
- This power was widely accepted, understood, and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified.
- Several legal scholars have argued that the federal judicial power to decide "cases or controversies" necessarily includes the power to decide the precedential effect of those cases and controversies.
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- If all political power grows out of the barrel of a gun, this can only heighten our concerns about how that power is organized and employed.
- There can be no assurance, when government can single out some people and impose sanctions on them, that the power will not be abused.
- The classical formulation of this said that we should have "the rule of law. " A more specific way of putting it is: Laws, si; pseudo-laws, no!
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- The delegated powers are a list of items found in the U.S.
- Presidential executive orders implement the law, but Congress can overrule such orders by changing the law.
- The delegated powers, also called enumerated powers, are a list of items found in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S.
- The list of enumerated powers includes the following: "The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;" "To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;" "to declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;" and "to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."
- Strict constructionists interpret the clause to mean that Congress may make a law only if the inability to do so would cripple its ability to apply one of its enumerated powers.
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- Inherent powers are assumed powers of the president not specifically listed in the Constitution.
- Inherent powers are those powers that a sovereign state holds.
- In the United States, the President derives these powers from the loosely worded statements in the Constitution that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President" and that the President should "take care that the laws be faithfully executed"; defined through practice rather than through constitutional or statutory law.
- In other words, Inherent powers are assumed powers of the president not specifically listed in the Constitution.
- It says all executive power is vested in the president.
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- Concurrent powers are the powers that are shared by both the State and the federal government, exercised simultaneously.
- Concurrent powers are powers that are shared by both the State and the federal government.
- National and state governments make and enforce laws themselves and choose their own leaders.
- Constitution or of national law.
- Describe concurrent powers and how they are exercised in the federal system
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- Treaties as "the supreme law of the land".
- Treaties as "the supreme law of the land. " The text decrees these to be the highest form of law in the U.S. legal system and mandates that all state judges must follow federal law when a conflict arises between federal law and either the state constitution or state law from any state.
- The Court found that if a state had the power to tax a federally incorporated institution, then the state effectively had the power to destroy the federal institution, thereby thwarting the intent and purpose of Congress.
- Virginia (1821), the Supreme Court held that the Supremacy Clause and the judicial power granted in Article III give the Supreme Court power to review state court decisions involving issues arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States.
- The Supreme Court held that when federal interest in an area of law is sufficiently dominant, federal law must be assumed to preclude enforcement of state laws on the same subject; and a state law is not to be declared a help when state law goes farther than Congress has seen fit to go.
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- Some of these constitutional provisions enhance the power of the national government; others boost the power of the states.
- The legislative branch (Congress) passes bills, has broad taxing and spending power, controls the federal budget and has power to borrow money on the credit of the United States.
- It defines by law the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary in cases not specified by the Constitution.
- The judicial branch (Supreme Court) determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case, exercises judicial review, reviewing the constitutionality of laws and determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes.
- The Supreme Court arbitrates how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners, determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence.