Population Exchange

Examples of Population Exchange in the following topics:

• Population Transfer

  • The migration of large numbers of Hindus and Muslims between India and Pakistan after Partition occurred in 1947 is a significant historical example of a population exchange.
  • Population exchange is the transfer of two populations in opposite directions at about the same time.
  • These exchanges have taken place several times in the 20th century, such as during the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan .
  • The view of international law on population transfer underwent considerable evolution during the 20th century.
  • There is now little debate about the general legal status of involuntary population transfers, as forced population transfers are now considered violations of international law.

• Defining Population Evolution

  • The process of evolution occurs only in populations and not in individuals.
  • These heritable mutations are responsible for the rise of new traits in a population.
  • Even in the absence of selective forces, genetic drift can cause two separate populations that began with the same genetic structure to drift apart into two divergent populations.
  • Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations or between species.If the gene pools between two populations are different, the exchange of genes can introduce variation that is advantageous or disadvantageous to one of the populations.
  • As the surviving population changes over time, some traits (red) may be completely eliminated from the population, leaving only the beetles with other traits (blue).

• Introduction: Multiple relations among actors

  • In face-to-face groups of persons, the actors may have emotional connections, exchange relations, kinship ties, and other connections all at the same time.
  • Organizations exchange personnel, money, information, and form groups and alliances.
  • Relations among nation-states are characterized by numerous forms of cultural, economic, and political exchange.
  • The characteristics and behavior of whole populations, as well, may depend on multiple dimensions of integration/cleavage.
  • Solidarity may be established by economic exchange, shared information, kinship, and other ties operating simultaneously.

• Disease in the New World

  • Rampant epidemic disease, to which the natives had no prior exposure or resistance, was one of the main causes of the massive population decline of the indigenous populations of the Americas.
  • Disease killed off a sizable portion of the populations before European observations and written records were made.
  • The transfer of disease between the Old World and New World was part of the phenomenon known as the Columbian Exchange.
  • The most vulnerable groups were those with a relatively small population and little built-up immunity.
  • While disease swept swiftly through the densely populated empires of Mesoamerica, the more scattered populations of North America saw a slower spread.

• Random Samples

  • Sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population .
  • In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population.
  • A simple random sample is a subset of individuals chosen from a larger set (a population).
  • In small populations and often in large ones, such sampling is typically done "without replacement" (i.e., one deliberately avoids choosing any member of the population more than once).
  • Sampling done without replacement is no longer independent, but still satisfies exchangeability.

• Metal Exchange Reactions

  • Alternative methods of preparing a wide variety of organometallic compounds generally involve an exchange reaction in which a given metal is either moved to a new location or replaced by a new metal, which may include B, Al, Ti, V, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ru, Pd, Sn, Pt, Hg & Pb.
  • Five such exchange methods are outlined in the following tables.

• Introducing Exchange Rates

  • In finance, an exchange rate between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another.
  • In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, or rate) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another.
  • For example, an inter-bank exchange rate of 91 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, US$) means that ¥91 will be exchanged for each US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for each ¥91.
  • The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate.
  • Explain the concept of a foreign exchange market and an exchange rate

• An example: Knoke's information exchange

  • Figure 7.1 shows the di-graph (directed graph) for the Knoke information exchange data:
  • With larger populations or more connections, however, graphs may not be much help.

• International Exchange of Money

  • The foreign exchange market is a form of exchange for international currencies that determines the relative values of different currencies.
  • In finance, an exchange rate (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another.
  • For example, an interbank exchange rate of 91 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (US$) means that ¥91 will be exchanged for each US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for each ¥91.
  • The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate.
  • In finance, an exchange rate (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another.

• GDP per capita

  • GDP per capita is calculated by dividing GDP by the total population of the country.
  • GDP per capita is often used as average income, a measure of the wealth of the population of a nation, particularly when making comparisons to other nations .
  • It is useful because GDP is expected to increase with population, so it may be misleading to simply compare the GDPs of two countries.
  • GDP per capita accounts for population size.
  • International comparisons can be distorted by differences in the cost of living between countries that are not reflected in exchange rates.